Lab Values for Minerals, electrolytes
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| Sodium (Na+) | 135-145 mEq/L
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| Potassium (K+) | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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| Ionized Calcium (Ca2+) | 4.5-5.5 mg/dl
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| Bicarbonate (HCO3−) | 22-26 (arterial) mEq/L, 24-30 (venous) mEq/L
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| Chloride (Cl−) | 95-105 mEq/L
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| Magnesium (Mg2+) | 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
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| Phosphate (PO43–) | 2.8-4.5 mg/dl
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| Potassium is the major electrolyte and principal cation in the | intracellular compartment
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| Sodium is the most abundant cation __% in ECF. | (90%)
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| Potassium is regulated by? | Dietary intake and renal excretion - body conserves potassium poorly, so any condition that increases urine output decreases the serum potassium concentration.
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| Normal total calcium is | 8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL.
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| Serum magnesium is regulated by | dietary intake, renal mechanisms, and actions of the parathyroid hormone (PTH).
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| ___ is the major anion in ECF. | Chloride
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| The __ regulate bicarbonate. | kidneys
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| ___ is normally absorbed through the GI tract. It is regulated by dietary intake, renal excretion, intestinal absorption, and PTH. | Phosphate
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| Arterial pH is | an indirect measurement of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration.
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| Normal values in arterial blood range from | 7.35 to 7.45.
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| In acidosis, you will see higher __ levels | potassium
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| pH | the negative logarithm of H ion concentration (mEq / L) - Norm 7.35- 7.45
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| PaCO2 | partial pressure of carbon dioxide - Norm 35 – 45 mm Hg
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| PaO2 | partial pressure of oxygen - Norm 80 – 100 mm Hg
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| SaO2 | percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen
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| HCO3 | 22 – 26
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| How to Identify primary cause of acidosis/alkalosis | respiratory or metabolic - look at the PaCO2 and HCO3.
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| Lab findings: serum Mg level > 2.5 mEq/L; ECG abnormalities: prolonged QT interval, AV block | Hypermagnesemia due to renal failure or excess intake of Mg.
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| Lab findings: serum ionized Ca level > 5.5 mEq/L or total serum Ca level > 10.5 mg/dL; x-ray examination showing generalized osteoporosis, urinary stones; and elevated (BUN) level 25 mg/100 mL & elevated creatinine level 1.5 mg/100 mL caused by fluid volu | Hypercalcemia due to hyperparathyroidism, Pagets, Osteoporosis, acidosis.
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| Lab findings: serum Mg level < 1.5 mEq/L | Hypomagnesemia due to malnutrition or alcoholism, diarrhea, vomiting, nasogastric drainage, polyuria.
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| Lab findings: serum ionized Ca level < 4.5 mEq/L or total serum Ca < 8.5 mg/dL & ECG abnormalities: ventricular tachycardia. | Hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism, pancreatitis, alkalosis, renal failure, alcoholism.
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| Lab findings: serum K+ level > 5.0 mEq/L & ECG abnormalities: peaked T wave & widened QRS complex (bradycardia, heart block, dysrhythmias); eventually cardiac arrest occurs | Hyperkalemia due to renal failure, fluid volume deficit, burns/trauma, acidosis (especially diabetic ketoacidosis), ingesting potassium.
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| Lab findings: serum k+ level below 3.5 mEq/L & ECG abnormalities: flattened T wave; ST segment depression; U wave; potentiated digoxin effects (e.g., ventricular dysrhythmias). | Hypokalemia due to diuretics, diarrhea, vomiting, alkalosis, polyuria, sweating.
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| Lab findings: serum Na levels > 145 mEq/L, serum osmolality 300 mOsm/kg, & urine specific gravity 1.030 (if not caused by diabetes insipidus). | Hypernatremia due to excess salt intake, diabetes insipidus, water loss or deprivation.
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| Lab findings: serum Na level < 135 mEq/L, serum osmolality 280 mOsm/kg, & urine specific gravity below 1.010 (if not caused by SIADH). | Hyponatremia due to kidney disease, diuretics, burns, polydipsia, SIADH, GI losses.
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| Normal plasma osmolality is between | 275 and 295 mOsm/kg.
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| A plasma osmolality value less than __ indicates too little solute for the amount of water or too much water for the amount of solute. | 275 mOsm/kg - This condition is termed water excess.
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| Because the major determinants of the plasma osmolality are __, one can calculate the effective plasma osmolality based on the concentrations of those substances. | sodium and glucose.
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| BUN | Blood Urea Nitrogen
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| Osmolality of urine can range from | 100 to 1300 mOsm/kg.
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| A patient with prolonged nasogastric suction will lose Na+, K+, H1, and Cl−. These imbalances may result in | a deficiency of both Na+ and K+, a fluid volume deficit, and a metabolic alkalosis due to loss of HCl.
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| Readings of greater than __ indicate concentrated urine. | 1.025
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| Readings less than __ indicate dilute urine. | 1.010
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