Practice for ChlinChem1 chaps 6-7 Carbs and Lipids
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| Carbohydrates can be classified by the number of __ in the chain. | carbons
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| Carbohydrates can be classified by the __ of the carbon chain. | size
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| Carbohydrates can be classified by the location of the __ group. | carbonyl (CO)
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| Carbohydrates can be classified by stereo__. | stereoisomers
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| What's the 4 criteria for classifying carbohydrates? | 1. number of carbons in the chain 2. size of the carbon chain 3. location of the carbonyl group 4. stereoisomers
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| A molecule containing the carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of the carbon chain (the first or last carbon) is called an ? | aldehyde
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| A molecule containing the functional group on an internal carbon is called a ? | ketone
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| The ketone in a monosaccharide is called a ? | ketose
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| An aldehyde is a molecule ... ? | containing the carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain.
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| A ketone is a molecule ... ? | containing the functional group on an internal carbon.
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| The aldehyde in a monosaccharide is called a ? | aldose
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| Disaccharides are formed by the interaction of 2 monosaccharides with the loss a __ molecule. | water
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| Examples of monosaccharides include (3) ? | 1. glucose 2. fructose 3. galactose
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| 3 of the most common disaccharides are ? | 1. maltose 2. lactose 3. sucrose
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| Two glucose molecules forms ? | maltose
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| Glucose and galactose combined form ? | lactose
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| Glucose and fructose combined form ? | sucrose
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| These molecules are usually insoluble in water and are complex carbohydrates made of more than 20 monosaccharides. | polysaccharides
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| Name 3 common polysaccharides. | 1. starch 2. glycogen 3. cellulose
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| How many glucose units are contained in most polysaccharides? | 25-2500
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| The conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage, often occurring after heavy meal, is called ? | glycogenesis
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| What metabolic process involves the breakdown of glycogen to form glucose and regulates glucose levels between meals? | glycogenulosis
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| The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as amino acids, glycerol, or lactate that occurs during long-term fasting is a metabolic process called ? | gluconeogensis
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| Conversion of glucose or other hexoses into 3-C molecules is called ? | glycolysis
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| What is the most important hormone? | insulin
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| What counterregulatory hormone increases blood glucose levels when they are too low? | glucagon (among others)
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| Blood glucose could get low when __ or between __. | fasting, meals
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| Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels when they are elevated? | insulin
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| Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by __. | hyperglycemia
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| Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by hyperglycemia due to what 3 defects? | 1. defects in insulin production 2. defects in insulin action 3. defects in both
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| The ADA classified diabetes mellitus into what 4 categories. | 1. type 1 2. type 2 3. other (secondary mellitus) 4. gestational
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| Excessive thirst is called ? | polydipsia
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| Increased urine discharge is called ? | polyuria
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| Increased appetite and eating large amounts of food is called ? | polyphagia
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| If you are (what age) or older, you are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. | 45
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| If your body mass index is equal to or above __, you are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. | 25 kg/m2
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| If your HDL cholesterol is at or above __, you have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. | 35 mg/dl
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| If your triglyceride level is at or above __, you have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. | 250 mg/dl
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| What kind of syndrome can increase your risk of getting type 2 diabetes? | polycystic ovary syndrome
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| A history of __ disease increases your risk of getting type 2 diabetes. | vascular
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| Onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus is (abrupt or insidious)? | abrupt
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| Type 1 diabetes is due to an absolute insulin __. | deficiency
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| People suffering from type 1 diabetes are prone to (ketosis or non-ketosis)? | ketosis
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| Onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus is (abrupt of insidious)? | insidious
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| Type 2 diabetes is due to a relative deficiency or insulin __. | resistance
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| Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus will have autoantibodies to what kind of cell? | islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies (ICAs)
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| Patients with diabetes mellitus may suffer from __ system damage. | nervous
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| Patients with diabetes mellitus may suffer from __ __ __ disease. | end-stage renal
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| Patients with diabetes mellitus are susceptible to ? | infections
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| Patients with diabetes mellitus may end up having what limbs amputated? | lower limbs
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| Some complications of diabetes mellitus include heart __ and __. | disease and strokes
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| If you are less than 25 years old, have normal weight before pregnancy and no family history of diabetes or abnormal glucose tolerance, you are less likely to suffer from __ diabetes. | gestational
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| Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) will be less than __ mg/dl. | 100
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| Impaired fasting plasma glucose (FPG) would be between __ and __ mg/dl. | 100-125
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| The fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of someone with diabetes mellitus would be equal to or less than __ mg/dl. | 126
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| The normal 2-hour postload glucose (OGTT) would be less than __ mg/dl. | 140
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| The 2-hour postload glucose (OGTT) of someone with impaired glucose tolerance would be between __ and __ mg/dl. | 140-199
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| The 2-hour postload glucose (OGTT) of someone with provisional diabetes mellitus would less than or equal to __ mg/dl. This figure must be confirmed. | 200
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| Glucose oxidase is specific for __ glucose. | Beta-D
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| Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose by __ __ ... | adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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| Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form __ and __ __. | glucose-6-phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
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| What is the reference method for glucose? | hexokinase method
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| The interfering substances in the hexokinase reaction include (4) ? | 1. some drugs 2. hemolysis 3. bilirubin 4. lipemia
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| Fasting serum and plasma glucose levels range from __ to __ mg/dl. | 70-99 mg/dl
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| Fasting specimens should be colected after a fast of at least __ hours but not greater than __ hours. | 8 hours, 16 hours
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| What is the preferred screening test for NONpregnant adults? | fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
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| A glucose level over __ is indicative of diabetes mellitus. | 200
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| How do you test the postload glucose tolerance level? | Give patient 75g glucose drink and test 2 hours later.
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| You must ingest at least __ grams of glucose for 3 days before taking a glucose tolerance test. | 150
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| __ __ is an index of the patient's average blood glucose over a 2-3 month period. | Glycosylated hemoglobin
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| A patient does not need to __ before being tested for glycosylated hemoglobin. | fast
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| Albuminuria can occur due to a vascular dysfuntion to the __ __, which normally that allows albumin to pass through. | glomerular membrane
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| Vascular __ can cause leakage that results in further damage to blood vessels, causing albuminuria. | inflammation
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| Microalbumin is __ before overt proteinuria. | positive
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| One way that proteinuria is defined is __ - __ mg of albumin in urine per 24 hours. | 30-300
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| 30-300 ug of albumin per mg of creatinine on 2 or 3 urine collections is one indication of __. | proteinuria
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| __ are a class of organic compounds that are potentially esters of fatty acids. | Lipids
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| Lipids are (soluble or insoluble?) in organic solvents. | soluble
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| Lipids are nearly (soluble or insoluble?) in water. | insoluble - lipids are hydrophobic
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| What are the 4 major kinds of lipids? | 1. cholesterol 2. triglycerides 3. phospholipids 4. glycolipids
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| What are the 5 classes of lipids? | 1. sterol derivatives 2. fatty acids 3. glycerol esters 4. sphingosine derivatives 5. terpenes
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| Cholesterol is the primary __ derivative in animals and humans. | sterol
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| Cholesterol contains how many carbon atoms and how many fused rings? | 27 atoms, 4 rings
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| What are the 4 cholesterol fused rings called? | a,b,c,d
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| What kind of cholesterol is absorbed in the diet, bile, intestinal secretions, and cells. | exogenous cholesterol
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| Where is endogenous cholesterol produced? | liver
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| What is endogenous cholesterol made from? | simple molecules including acetate
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| What is the simplest form of lipid? | fatty acid
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| What is the chemical symbol for fatty acids? | RCOOH
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| What kind of fatty acids contain an alkyl chain without a double bond between C atoms? | saturated fatty acids
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| Monounsaturated fatty acids contain __ double bond. | one
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| Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain __ double bond. | more than one
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| Glycerol esters are one of the common alcohols found in human __. | metabolism
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| Glycerol has how many carbons in a molecule and has how many hydroxyl groups? | 3 of both
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| What is the most common glycerol ester in blood plasma? | triglycerides
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| What are triglycerides made from? | glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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| Lipids are transported by complex micellar structures called ? | Lipoproteins
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| What are the 5 categories of lipoproteins? | 1. chylomicrons 2. VLDL 3. IDL 4. LDL 5. HDL
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| Apolipoproteins are proteins found as an integral part of what molecule? | lipoprotein molecules
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| Apolipoproteins are categorized into what 5 classes? | a,b,c,d,e
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| What are the 4 lipoprotein metabolism pathways? | 1. lipid absorption 2. exogenous 3. endogenous 4. reverse cholesterol
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| The exogenous lipoprotein metabolism pathway is composed of __. | chylomicrons
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| The largest and least dense of the lipoprotein classes is ? | chylomicrons
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| Which pathway involves the metabolism of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) to low density lipoproteins (LDL). | endogenous pathway
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| Which class of lipoproteins is the major transporter of cholesterol in plasma to peripheral tissues? | LDL
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| LDL is used as a structural component of ? | cell membranes
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| Which lipoprotein metabolic pathway is formed from lipids absorbed in the intestines? | exogenous pathway
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| LDL is used as a precursor of ? | steroid hormones
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| Which lipoprotein metabolic pathway transports dietary or exogenous triglycerides from the intestine to the hepatic or peripheral cells? | exogenous pathway
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| LDL is used for storage of cholesterol as ? | esters
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| Which is the smallest and most dense lipoprotein? | HDL (duh)
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| Which class of lipoprotein/cholesterol is the most atherogenic and is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD)? | LDL
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| Where is HDL lipoprotein secreted from? | liver and intestinal mucosal cells
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| HDL actually provides protection from ? | coronary heart disease
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| Abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood is called ? | hyperlipidemia
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| What is the most commonly ordered screening test for hyperlipidemia? | total cholesterol test
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| About what percentage of total cholesterol in plasma is carried by LDL? | 70-75%
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| About what percentage of total cholesterol in plasma is carried by HDL? | 15-20%
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| About what percentage of total cholesterol in plasma is carried by VLDL and chylomicrons? | 5-10%
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| Cigarette smoking is or is not a major risk factor that alters your LDL levels? | It is
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| A major risk factor concerning unhealthy LDL levels includes an HDL level of less than how many mgs per dl? | 40mg/dl
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| Hypertension, another risk factor for LDL cholesterol, is when your blood pressure is at or above ? | 140/90
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| What 2 risk factors for LDL cholesterol levels are beyond your control? | 1. age (45 men and 55 women) 2. family history of congestive heart failure
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| What is the name of the most commonly performed enzymatic procedure? | cholesterol oxidase
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| The 1st step in the cholesterol oxidase reaction involves hydrolysis of __ __ by cholesterol esterase. | cholesteryl esters
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| The cholesterol oxidase enzymatic reaction must compete with which 3 interfering substances? | 1. bilirubin 2. ascorbic acid 3. hemoglobin
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| What is the preferred range for cholesterol? | less than 200 mg/dL
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| A specimen drawn for cholesterol oxidase testing does not have to be taken after a patient has __. | fasted
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| What is the reference range for triglycerides? | less than 150mg/dL is good
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| If triglyceride levels are really high, how will blood plasma or serum look? | turbid or milky
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| HDL is measured in samples in which the LDL and VLDL have been __ and __. | precipitated and removed
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| What is the preferred range for HDL? | at least 60mg/dL
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| You are at high risk of CAD if your HDL levels are less than ? | 35mg/dL
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| What formula is used to calculate LDL-C? | Friedewald formula
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| What else must be determined before you can use the Friedewald formula to calculate LDL-C? | 1. total cholesterol 2. HDL-C 3. triglycerides
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| What is the Friedewald formula? | LDL = (total cholesterol) - (HDL-C + TG/5)
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| The Friedewald formula will not yield valid results if the patient's triglyceride levels are over ? | 400mg/dL
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| What is the preferred range for LDL levels? | 100-130mg/dL
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| What level of LDL is considered high risk for CAD? | Over 160
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| Metabolic syndrome is a group of interrelated metabolic risk factors that appear to directly promote development of ? | atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
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| What are the 5 most commonly recognized risk factors for metabolic syndrome? | 1. low HDL 2. high LDL 3. high triglycerides 4. high blood pressure 5. high blood glucose
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