patho.cardio.4
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| glomerular disease | seems to be immunologically
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| azotemia | also called uremia-elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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| BUN | blood urea nitrogen
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| prerenal azotemia | hypoperfusion of kidneys
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| retroperitoneal | outside peritoneal cavity
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| fascia | a sheet of connective tissue (as an aponeurosis) covering or binding together body structures; also : tissue occurring in such a sheet
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| hilum | 1 : a scar on a seed (as a bean) marking the point of attachment of the ovule
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| kidneys have how much blood? | 20% total blood-to be cleaned
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| cortex | "bark" or "rind" [kidneys, adreanl gland, & brains have a cortex or bark around it]
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| medulla | inner portion of kidney
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| pyramids - kidney | triangular divisions of the medulla of the kidneys
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| papilla | narrow, innermost end of the pyramid
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| glycosuria | glucose in the urine
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| diabetes mellitus | (blank)
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| anuria | absence of urine
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| oliguria | scanty amounts of urine
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| polyuria | large amounts of urine
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| nephron | functional unit of the kidney
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| renal corpuscle | composed of Bowman's capsule & Glomerulus
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| uremia fibrinous pericarditis | cardiovascular manifestations of elevated BUN
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| nephritis | acute or chronic inflammation of the kidney affecting the structure (as of the glomerulus or parenchyma) and caused by infection, a degenerative process, or vascular disease
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| glomerular diseases | immune system-nephritic
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| nephritic disease | hematuria (red blood cells in urine)
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| albumin | any of numerous simple heat-coagulable water-soluble proteins that occur in blood plasma or serum, muscle, the whites of eggs, milk, and other animal substances and in many plant tissues and fluid
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| hema turia | blood in urine
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| pyurea | the presence of pus in the urine; also : a condition (as pyelonephritis) characterized by pus in the urine
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| cystitis | inflammation of the urinary bladder
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| proteinurea | the presence of excess protein in the urine
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| proteinurea | urine foaming
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| acute renal failure | oliguria (low urine) or anuria (no urea)
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| nephrolithiasis | : a condition marked by the presence of renal calculi
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| mesangium | a thin membrane that gives support to the capillaries surrounding the tubule of a nephron
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| glomular lesions | sclerotic - scarring
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| interstitial fibrosis | scarring between glomerules
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| immunoflourescence | diagnose glomular disease
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| amyloid | a waxy translucent substance consisting primarily of protein that is deposited in some animal organs and tissue under abnormal conditions (as in Alzheimer's disease)
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| nephrotic | an abnormal condition that is marked by deficiency of albumin in the blood and its excretion in the urine due to altered permeability of the glomerular basement membranes (as by a toxic chemical agent)
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| nephrotic syndrome | PROTEINUREA
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| glomerulonephritis | deposition of antigens-antibodies attack basement membrane(filter) -streptococci release
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| nephrotic syndrome | proteinurea - hypoalbuminemia-edema
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| edema | an abnormal excess accumulation of serous fluid in connective tissue or in a serous cavity -- called also dropsy
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| minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis) | corticosteriods
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| focal & segmental glomulerulosclerosis (FSGS) | podocyte injury-progresses to complete renal failure
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| membranous nephropathy | deposits along GBM--sometimes secondary to infection-may be benign or progress to renal failur
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| membranoporligerative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) | Type I - immune complex Type II dense deposit
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| nephritic syndrome | HEMATURIA - oligurea - BUN (blood urea nitrogen) hypertension -
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| hereditary nephritis | Alport syndrome-affects eyes "port" to soul - cataracts
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| Crescentic (Rapidly progressive) glomerulonphritis | rapid loss of renal function-oliguria-bowman's capsule cells proliferate
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| Goodpasture syndrome (anti-glomerula Basement Membrane disease | Deposits of IgG
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| Immune Complex (Type II) Crescentic glomerulonephritis | complication of immune complex nephritides
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| Berger's Disease-IgA nephropathy | dr. Berger-peds dr-usually affects young children - loin pain - hematuria -deposits of IgA in mesangium-progress to renal disease
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| Alport Syndrome | eyes in Males, (not all!)-corneal dystrophy - X-linked
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| chronic glomerulitis | end-stage renal failure-hemodialysis patients have this - proteniuria
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| cysts on kidney | benign; sometimes from dialysis
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| autosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney disease | mutated gene, slow-acting-death from renal failure
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| medullary cystic disease | sponge kidney - or nephronophtis -medullary cystic disease complex
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| medullary cystic disease | morphology-small kidneys; tubular atrophy -renal failure in children
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| renal tumors - benign | p53 tumor suppressor gene
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| wilms tumor | proliferation of abnormal renal stem cells
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| arterial walls are thicker (2) | accommodate pulsatile flow and higher blood pressures
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| pathologic lesions in vascular tree | affect certain parts of circulation
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| atherosclerosis affects mainly | elastic and muscular arteries
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| hypertension affects | small muscular arteries and arteriolds
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| vasculitis involve | only vessesl of acertain caliber
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| vessel wall cellularity | endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMCS)
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| endothelial cells extracellular matrix (ECM) | elastin, collagen and glycosaminoglycans
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| endothelial cells vessels walls 3 layers | intima, media, and adventitia
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| internal elastic lamina | dense elastic membrane in arteries (especially)
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| lamina | thin plate or flat layer (L. layer, stratum)
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| fenestrations | having windowlike openings (L. window)
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| how do smooth muscle cells in epithelium receive oxygen and nutrients? | in small vessels, directly from blood flow through fenestrations
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| vasa vasorum | in larger vessels, small arterioles supply smooth muscle cells (SMC) with oxygen and nutrients
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| arteries 3 types | Large/elastic - medium-sized/muscular - small/arterioles
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| large/elastic arteries | aorta & large branches - innominate, subclavian, common carotid and iliac and pulmonary arteries
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| small arteries and arterioles | pressure and velocity of blood flow are both sharply reduced; flow is steady rather than pulsatile -
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| what happens with even small changes in arteriolar lumen size? | blood flow is profoundly affected
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| capillaries | approximately the diameter of a single red blood cell - have endothelial cell lining but no media
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| veins | larger diameter, larger lumen, thinner walls
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| lymphatics | thin-walled, endothelium-lined channels - drain excess interstitial tissue
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| lymphatics - infection & tumor | lymphatics check for infection; also tumor cells from distant sites can be transported by lymphatics
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| intima | L. innermost
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| tunica intima | innermost coat of a blood or lymphatic vessel; consists of endothelium, thin fibroelastic subendothelial layer, inner elastic membrane
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| what happens with vascular injury? | SMC growth is stimulated; associated matrix is synthesized
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| vessel wall is injured | intimal wall will thicken
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| phenotype of neointimal SMCs | cannot contract (fewer contractile filaments) have more organelles for protein synthesis
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| arteriosclerosis | arterio g. sclerosis (hardening)
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| atherosclerosis | athero Gr. (gruel, porridge) combining form meaning greullike, soft, pasty materials
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| atheroma | lipid deposits in intima of arteries, producing a yellow selling on endothelial surface (gr. atheree, gruel + oma - tumor)
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| atherogenesis | "response to injury" hypothesis - a chronic inflammatory response of the arterial wall to endothelial injury
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| chronic endothelial injury (lesion progression) | can be due to hypertension, smoking, toxins, viruses & immune reactions - causes lesion progression because of increased permeability, laukocyte adhesion and thrombosis
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| accumulation of lipoproteins (lesion progression) | LDL and its oxidized forms - cause lesion progression in the vessel wall
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| monocyte adhesion (lesion progression) | moncytes adhere to endothelium-then migrate into intima and transform into macrophages and foam cells
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| platelet adhesion (lesion progression) |
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| factor release from activated platelets | inducing SMC recruitment
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| endothelial dysfunction (2 causes) | hemodynamic disturbances and hypercholesterolemia
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| hemodynamic disturbance | plaque tend to occur at ostia of exiting vessels, branchpoints, and posterior wall of adbominal aorta, - where there are disturbed flow patterns
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| nonturbulent laminar flow | leads to induction of endothelial genes whose products protect against atherosclerosis
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| atheroprotective genes | protect against atherosclerosis - superoxide dismutase
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| nonrandom localization of early atherosclerotic lesions | where there is nonturbulent laminar flow, there is protection against plaques
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| dyslipoproteinemias | Factors affecting the circulating levels of lipids -
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| "bad" cholesterol | increased LDL
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| "good" cholesterol | HDL
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| significant correlation between LDL | total plasma cholesterol & severity of atherocslerosis
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| chronic hyperlipidemia | lipoproteins accumulate in intima-then oxidized-then ingested by macrophages-then form "foam" cells
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| oxidized LDL | important to atherogenesis - present at all stages of plaque formation
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