Tree Sciences
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| Xylem | main water and mineral-conducting tissue in trees and other plants. Provides structural support. Arises from the cambium and becomes wood after lignifying.
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| Phloem | plant vascular tissue that transports photosynthates and growth regulators. Situated on the inside of the bark, just outside the cambium.
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| Parenchyma Cell | thin – walled, living cells essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, energy storage, and production of protective compounds.
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| Branch Bark Ridge | raised strip of bark at the top of a branch union, where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge.
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| Epicormic Branching | branch arising from a latent or adventitious bud (growth point).
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| Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees (CODIT) | Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms
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| Flush Cut | Pruning cut through and/or removing the branch collar, causing unnecessary injury to the trunk or parent stem.
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| Rays | Parenchyma tissues that extend radically across the xylem and phloem of a tree. It functions in transport, storage, structural strength, and defense.
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| Angiosperm | Plant with seeds borne in an ovary.
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| Gymnosperm | Plants with exposed seeds, usually within cones.
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| Compression Wood | Reaction wood in gymnosperms, and some angiosperms, that develops on the underside of branches or leaning trunks and is important in load bearing.
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| Reaction Wood | Wood formed in leaning or crooked stems or on lower or upper sides of branches as a means of counteracting the effects of gravity.
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| Tension Wood | Form of reaction wood in broadleaved trees (hardwoods) that forms on the upper side of branches or the trunks of leaning trees.
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| Topping | Inappropriate pruning technique to reduce tree size. Cutting back a tree to a predetermined crown limit, often at internodes.
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| Drip Line | Imaginary line defined by the branch spread of a single plant or group of plants.
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| Disorder | Abnormal condition that impairs the performance of one or more vital functions. Often associated with noninfectious agents.
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| Arboriculture | Practice and study of the care of trees and other woody plants in the landscape.
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| Cultivar | cultivated variety of plants; cannot be reproduced without human assistance and usually propagated asexually (cloned).
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| Cotyledon | seed lead. One of the first leaves to form in an embryo.
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| Epigeal germination | process by which plants, fungi and bacteria emerge from seeds and spores, and begin growth. E.g. the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm.
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| Family | Taxonomic group under the order level but above the genus level.
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| Genotype | The specific set of genes possessed by an individual, both expressed and recessive.
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| Hardwood cuttings | Cutting taken when plant is dormant does not only pertain to deciduous trees, more to do with timing of year. (30 cm long) ex. poplar, willow, dogwood
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| Included bark | Bark that becomes embedded in a crotch (union) between branch and trunk or between co-dominat stems; causes a weak structure.
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| Phenotype | The visible characteristics of a tree. The phenotype is determined by the genotype interacting with the environment in which it is grown.
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| Ramet | A vegetatively reproduced copy of a plant. Each ramet will have almost precisely the same genotype as the original parent tree, known as the ortet.
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| Scion | Top part of a graft, with leaves and buds that is grafted to the root stock.
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| Softwood cuttings | Taken during active growing or emerging shoots of tree & shrubs. Still flexible and slightly green (5-10cm long)
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| Specific epithet | Classification name that follows the genus name in scientific nomenclature.
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| Stratify | To preserve seeds by placing them between layers of moist sand or similar nutrients.
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| Desiccation | Severe drying out. Dehydration
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| Wound Wood | Lignified, differentiated tissues produced on woody plants as a response to wounding. Contrast with callus
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| Scaffold Limbs | Permanent or structural branches that form the scaffold architecture or structure of a tree.
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| Suborination | Pruning cut to reduce the size and ensuring growth of a branch in relation to other branches or leaders.
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| Whorl | Leaves, twigs or branches arranged in a circle around a point of stem.
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| Anthocyanin | Red or purple pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants.
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| Biomechanics | Study of the structures and functions of biological systems from the plant phylum.
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| Chlorophyll | Green pigment of plants found in chloroplasts. Captures the energy of the sun and is essential in photosynthesis.
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| Plant Hardiness | Genetically determined ability of a plant to survive low temperatures.
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| Carotenoid | Yellow, orange, or red pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants.
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| Dioecious | having the male and female organs in separate and distinct individuals; having separate sexes.
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| Monoecious | having the stamens and the pistils in separate flowers on the same plant
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| Pollarding | A pruning system in which the upper branches of a tree are removed, promoting a dense head of foliage and branches.Common in Europe since medieval times and is practised today in urban areas worldwide, primarily to maintain trees at a predetermined height
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| Hybrid | Produced when pollen of one species is used to fertilize flowers of another species.
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| Rhizosphere | Narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms
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| Shake | Breakage or longitudinal separation of wood fibres due to causes other than drying, usually originating in the log or tree. Also called "compression fractures", "brittle heart"
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| Tannin | An acidic substance, soluble in water, with a bitter taste, that is present in a number of plants
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| Tropism | A biological phenomenon, indicating growth or turning movement of a biological organism, usually a plant, in response to an environmental stimulus
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