lifespan.chap10
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| p. 356 divorce | economic standing, #single-parent families
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| p.357 multi-generational families | Afr. Am. more likely
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| p357 blended families | a married couple that has at least one stepchild living with them
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| p357 role ambiguity | roles & expectation unclear in blended families
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| p358school-age children | do better in blended families than teenagers-the younger the child, the better the transition
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| p.358 gay & lesbian parents | no difference - but face discrimination
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| 358 Race & Hispanic | Af. am & hispanic larger, more co-dependent
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| p359 poverty | poor at risk for academic loss, higher rates of aggression, mental health problems
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| p.359 group home or residential treatment center | Group care 1995-2000 # of children in foster care increased by more than 50%
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| p360 costs of group care | vs. welfare
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| p361 - Weiner - attributions | people's explanations for the reasons behind their behavior
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| p361 dispositional factors | I'm not smart enought
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| p361 situational factors | I didn't get enough sleep last night
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| attribution-cultural | Af-am-feel that luck & prejudice prevent them from succedding
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| p362 women | failure due to low ability
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| p362 mother's beliefs in children's ability | Asian success - Confucian values- hard work
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| p363 US attribution style is maladaptive | (blank)
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| p363 expectations | experiment randomly picked students to "bloom"
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| p.364- self-fulfilling prophecy | (blank)
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| p364 teacher expectancy effect | cycle of behavior in which a teach transmits an expectation, thereby actually brings about the expected behavior
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| p364 self-fulfilling prophecy | placebos work
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| p365 expectations | teachers give high-expectation children more attention, more work, more praise
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| p365 emotional intelligence | the set of skills that underlies the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression and regulation of emotions
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| p366 teacher expectations & student performance | feedback chart
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| p366 Goleman - Emotional intelligence | emotional literacy added to curriculum
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| p332 Erikson-industry vs. inferiority | age 6-12 - attain competence -meet challenges from parents, peers, school & environment
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| p333 males who were hard-working | in childhood were most successful as adults
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| p333 in middle childhood, children view themselves less in terms of external traits | and more psychological traits
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| p333 children evaluate themselves in four areas: | academic - social self-concept - emotional - physical
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| p334 social comparison | desire to evaluate one's own behavior, abilities, expertise and opinions by comparing them to others
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| p334 social reality | understanding how others think, act & feel
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| p334 downward social comparison | use others less competent
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| p335 self-esteem | individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation
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| self-esteem vs. self-concept | self-esteem is more emotionally oriented
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| p335 self-esteem declines | around age 12
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| p.336 cycle of low self-esteem | low expectation breed low performance
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| p336 authoritative child-rearing style | parents are warm, setting clear limits
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| p337 social identity theory | minority group members feel they can affect prejudice, then their self-esteem will not change
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| p337 Immigrant children | Socities emphasize collectivism - do well-they have good self-esteem
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| p338 Kohlberg - moral development | series of stages - male morality
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| p339 Kohlberg | chart of preconventional, conventional and postconventional morality
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| p.340 Gilligan - female morality | responsiblity toward individuals & sacrafice
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| p.341 Gilligan - table of female moral developmetn | (blank)
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| p343 are friends more important than parents? | no, not in middle childhood
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| p.343 stages of friendship | age 4-7-friends share toys, like each other, spend time
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| p344 stage 2-basing friendship on trust | age8-10 must help each other; apologize when they dond't
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| -344 stage 3 - psychological closeness | 11-15 yrs - intimacy & loyalty- exclusive friendships
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| p. 344 status | evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group
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| p.345 behaviors | (blank)
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| p.345 social competence | social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings
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| p346 aggressive boys are popular | "cool" and "tough"
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| p346 social problem-solving | use of strategies for solving social conflicts in ways that are satisfactory both to oneself and to others
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| p346 Dodge social problem-solving table | series of steps
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| -.347 Dodge - table | (blank)
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| p. 347 teaching social competence | 5th & 6th graders taught how to hold conversation with friends
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| p. 348 bullying | 1/2 of bullies come from abusive homes
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| p.348 children-90% report bullying | (blank)
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| p. 348 middle childhood sex segregation | all cultures & societies show this
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| p.349 "border work" | romantic overtones
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| p.349 dominance hierarchy | rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group
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| p349 restrictive play | interactions are interrupted when status is challenged
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| p.349 Beal - girls goal in friendships | maintain equal-status relationship
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| p.350 Integration in classroom | by 10th grade, less than 10% of whites & 5% of African Am had different-race best friend
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| p350 increasing social competence | teach listening skills,
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| p.352 coregulation | period in which parents and children jointly control children's behavior
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| p353 Sibling influence | strategies for solving conflicts carry into later social settings
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| p353 destructive conflict solving between siblings | associated with continued aggressiveness in boys
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| p353 kids in supervised time | 1981-40% was free time; by 1997 - only 25% of days was unscheduled
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| self-care children | formerly latchkey kids-children wait alone until their caretakers
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| p354 latchkey children | 12-14% of children between ages of 5 & 12 are without supervision
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| p354 Hofferth | children need time alone
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| p354 Goyette | significant self-esteem because they are contributing to home
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| p355 divorce | 1/2 US children will spend time in single-parent home
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| p.356 children blame themselves for divorce | early middle childhood - age 10
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| -356 psychological consequences | need counseling, may be depressed
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| p356 increase in single mothers | 3/4 spend time with single parent
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| p357 multi-generational families | more likely with Af. Am, Hispanic
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| p357 blended families | remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them
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| role ambiguity | roles & responsiblities for blended children are unclear
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| p358 Lesbian parents | (blank)
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| p.358 race | Af. Am female-headed households - Hispanic families larger
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| p359 Poverty | violence -
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| p359 Group Care - instead of orphanages | residential treatment center
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| p359 1995-2000 | number of children in foster care increased by 50%- more than 1/2 million children live in foster care
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| p. 360 psychologically damaged children | need group homes
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| p. 360 - Characteristics of child & youth workers | table
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