Muscles Lecture-Chp9
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| muscle cells that have been elongated | muscle fibers
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| what does the prefix "myo" mean? | muscle
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| what does the prefix "mys" mean? | muscle
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| what does the prefix "sarco" mean? | muscle
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| type of muscle that is striated, parallel and voluntary | skeltal muscles
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| type of muscle that is striated with intercalated disks, involuntary, branched | cardiac muscle
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| type of muscle: no striations, involuntary, fusiform shape | smooth muscles
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| connective tissue around individual muscle fibers | endomysium
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| connective tissue around bunddle of muslce cells called fasicles | perimysium
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| connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle | epimysium
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| where is superficial fascia found? | between hpodermis and muscle
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| cord like connective tissue that connects muscles to bone | tendon
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| flat sheets of connective tissue that connect muscle to bone | aponeurosis
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| point of muscle attachment that DOESN'T move during contration | origin
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| point of muscle attachment that DOES move during contraction | insertion
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| muscles always move across _____________ | joints
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| how do muscle cells become multinucleated? | multiple myoblansts fuse during development
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| membrane of muscle cell | sarcolemma
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| fluid on inside of muscle cell | sarcoplasm
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| what do glycosomes and myoglobin help do | help with muscle contractions
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| what is the order of muscle fiber components from largest to smallest | muscle fibers - myofibril - myofilament
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| another name for muscle fibers | myofiber
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| what do myofibrils cause | striation
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| what is myofilament made of | actin and myosin
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| What is a sarcomere | horizontal divisions of the myofibril - these are the function units of the muscle
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| What are the dark striations called? | Dark A bands
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| What are the lighter striations called? | Light I bands
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| Are A bands thick or thin | thick
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| Are I bands thick or thin | thin
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| What do A bands contain | a central H zone area that contains no thin filaments
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| What do I bands contain? | Z disc proteins
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| One Z disc protein to the next Z disc protein forms a | sarcomere
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| Why is the Z disc protein important? | anchors myacin and actin
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| What is the M line and what attached there? | middle of the sarcomere and proteins attach to adjacent fibers
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| Is myosin a thick or thin filament? | thick filament
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| Is actin a thick or thin filament? | thin filament
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| What type of proteins are tropomyoisin, troponin and titin | regulatory proteins
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| myofilaments are made up of | protein
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| membrane complex similar to smooth ER that surrounds the muscle cell like a loose sweater | sarcoplasmic reticulum
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| T tubule are very similar to | highways because they can go deep inside the muscle cell
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| What filament are in a bundle with "heads" director outward in a spiral array arround the bundled tails | myosin thick filaments
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| What do terminal cisternae of a muscle cell store | Ca
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| Part of a muscle cell where one T tubule is surrounded by two terminal cistarnae | triad
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| area of a myofibril that has no thin filaments, only thick filaments | H zone
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| myosin and actin are _____________ proteins | contractile
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| tropopmyosin and toponin are _____________ proteins | regulatory
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| What do regulatory proteins of myofibrils do? | act like a switch that starts and stops shortening
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| What do contractile proteins of myofibrils do? | so the work of shortening the muscle
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| Do thick filmanet change length during contraction? | no
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| Do thin filaments change length during contraction | no
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| Do sarcomeres change length during contraction? | yes
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| region of contact between motor neuron and muscle fiber | neromusclular junction
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| What neurotransmitter is released to cause stimulation of muscle cells | acetylcholine or ACh
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| The synaptic bulb contains vesicles that cotain | ACh
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| The motor end plate has receptors for | ACh and acetylcholinesterase
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| What does acetylcholinesterase do and where is it found? | breaks down ACh for relaxation and it is found in the motor end plate
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| What are three ways to make more ATP? | creatine phosphate system, anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration
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| How long will the creatine phosphate ATP system provide energy? | 15 sec
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| How long will the anaerobic fermentation ATP system provide energy? | 30-40 seconds
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| How long will the aerobic fermentation ATP system provide energy? | 1 minutes and more
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| How many ATP does the aerobic system provide/ | 38
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| How many ATP does the anaerobic system provide | 4
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| What does the anaerobic ATP system break down for energy? | glucose from the blood and stored glycogen
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| If oxygen isn't present the anaerobic ATP system will produce ____________ from the glucose | lactic acid
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| Where does the aerobic ATP system get its oxygen? | blood and myoglobin in the muscle
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| What are some causes for fatigue? | low glycogen, low ATP, buildup of lactic acid, low ACh, leakage of Ca ions
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| What is meant by carbohydrate loading | pack glycogen into muscle cells
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| What are 3 purposes of repaying the oxygen debt? | replace oxygen reserves, replensih creatine phosphagen system and reconvert lactic acid to glucose
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| smooth, sustained muscle contraction (most movement) | tetanus
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| muscle contraction that develops tension without changing length | isometric muscle contraction
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| tension development while shortening or lengthening | isotonic muscle contraction
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| Type of muscle contraction occurring if you push somethign that is too heavy and you can't move it | isometric muscle contraction
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| type of muscle contraction done in a bicep curl up or curl down | isotonic muscle contraction
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| why doesn't cardiac muscle fatigue easily? | uses aerobic respriation almost exclusively and has more mitrochondria
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| Which type of muscle can use lactic acid as a benefit during exercise | cardiac muscle
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