psyc2020.tric
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| age 2 hgth & weight | 36 in. tall (half adult height) 25-30 lbs.
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| who grows taller? | inUS, below poverty level unusually short
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| 6 yrs - proportions | similar to adults
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| eustachian tube moves | begins from parallel to ground to more angular position - causes earaches
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| obesity | body weight 20% more than average person height & weight
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| Iron-deficiency anemia | causes fatigue
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| how many colds-age 3-5? | 7-10 colds/respiratory
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| illness is good because | build up immunity
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| greatest risk to preschoolers | injury -
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| inner city children die from injuries | 2x more than affluence
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| burns, drownings | auto accidents
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| lead poisoning | most hazard to children under 6 - Health & human services
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| lead | lower intelligence, problems in verbal & auditory processing, hyperactivity-agression & delinquency
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| brain p. 216 @ 2 yrs. three-quarters size of adult | At 5, brain is 90% of averagde adult brain
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| corpus callosum by end of preschool period | bundle of nerve fibers connecting two hemispheres of brain
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| lateralization | process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one side of brain than the other
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| left-handed hemisphere | 10% of people are lefties-language centered in right hemisphere or no specific center
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| p 216 left hemisphere | sequentially, one piece at a time-speaking, reading , reasoning
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| right hemisphere | nonverbal areas-music-patterns-emotional expression
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| p 217boys show more lateralization of language | in the left hemisphere
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| 217-girls have equal distribution | of language throughout hemispheres
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| 217-autism-male disease | "extreme male brain" Simon Baron-Cohen-systematically sorts out world
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| 217-genetic difference between males & females | yes, structural differences exist
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| brain electrical activity 1 1/2 to 2 years | language development
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| myelin | insulation around neurons-related to cognitive growth
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| myelination of reticular formation p. 218 | complete by age 5; aids attention span
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| 218 nerves connecting cerebellum (balance) | to cerebral cortex (information processing)
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| gross motor skills p. 219 | age 3-can't turn; jump 15 in.; ascend stairs; hop
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| gross motor skills age4 | throw ball-friend can catch
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| boys are stronger; more active | girls more coordinated - age 5 jumping jacks
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| toilet training p220 | dry 2 hours/time;regular bowel movements, can follow directions
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| Toilet training - age | 18-24 months; or wait for 30 months
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| fine motor skills p.220 | age 3-draw circle age 4-draw a person age 5 - hold thin pencil
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| handedness p 220 | 90% right-handed; 10% left-handed
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| left-handed | 20% more in highest-scoring category
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| Piaget - Preoperational p.223 | age2-7-use of symbolic thinking grow, mental reasoning emerges & use of concepts increase
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| Are age2-7 capable of operations? | No - operation are organized, formal, logical mental processes
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| symbolic function p223 | ability to use mental symbol to represent something ex toy car
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| p224 does thought determine language OR | does language determine thought?
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| Piaget -language grows out of | cognitive advances-language & thinking are tightly interconnected
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| centration -224 | process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects
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| buttons | 4-5 yr. olds choose "longer" row of eight buttons spread out (not 10 buttons)
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| p224 conservation | knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangment and physical appearance of objects
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| conservation example | water poured from short to tall glass
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| transformation | process in whcih one state is changed to another
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| transformation ex | pencil falls down or worms during walk in woods
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| egocentrism | thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others
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| egocentrism | inability to take into account the viewpoints of others
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| functionality | actions are related to outcomes (pedal a bike, it goes faster)
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| identity | certain things stay the same - clay in a lump or flat
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| intuitive thought | thinking that reflects preschooler's primitive reasoning & their avid acquisition of knowledge
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| piaget-criticisms | relatively few children, conservation & other concepts are understood earlier
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| Piaget used difficult language | concentrated on deficiencies
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| siegler | information processing approaches represent the best explantation of cognitive development
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| numbers-preschoolers understand more numbers than Piaget thought | they can count in a systematic manner - Siegler
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| autobiographical memory | after 3 yrs.
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| scripts | broad representation in memory of events and the order in which they occur
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| forensic developmental psychology | reliability of children's autobiographical memories in the contest of the legal system
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| Do children remember false incidents? | Yes, especially if a. adults make suggestions b. preschoolers are very subject to suggestions
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| False memories are more persistent than real ones | Yes, especially with leading questions
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| Information processing in perspective | cognitive development consists of gradual improvements, practice
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| Chief advantages of information processing perspectives | QUANTATATIVE methods-rely on well-defined processes that can be tested-provides a clear, logical, testable account of children
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| Information processing-detractors | "lose the forest for the trees" by concentrating on detail
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| Vygotsky's - Russian developmental psychologist | child's social and cultural world is focus of cognitive development
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| Vygotsky saw children | as apprentices, learning from master teachers in skills that their particular environment needs
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| Zone of proximal Development ((ZPD) | level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently--teacher will increase competence
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| scaffolding | the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth
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| cultural tools | physical objects-used to complete tasks
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| Cultural tools Ex. distance | in cities, use blocks - in country, use landmarks
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| Why Vygotsky's view is popular | cognitive development is result of social factors--helps explain cultural learning
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| Piaget - children in preoperational stage | develop symbolic function -
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| Piaget preoperational children | use intuitive thought to explore & draw conclusions
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| Piaget - functionality and identity | (blank)
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| information processing p 234 | quantative changes in children's processing skills largely account for cognitive development
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| Vygotsky p. 234 | children develop cognitively within a context of culture and society-Zone of Proximal development & scaffolding
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| syntax p236 | the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences
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| fast mapping | instance in whcih new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter
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| by age 3 p236 | use plurals, possessives, use articles (the)
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| grammar | system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed
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| 3 yr old follow rules of grammar | most of the time "catched"
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| private speech | speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves
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| private speec - ex. | "calm down" - adults - children - puzzle piece "put here"
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| pragmatics p. 238 | the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others Ex "thank you"
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| social speech p 238 | speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person
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| Poverty affects langauge development | type of language, number of words, how much parents spoke to them-affects intelligence tests
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| Children who watch Sesame Street | have significantly larger vocabularies
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| us-china-japan p244 | Japan-group-China-educaiton
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| David Elkind-US pushes children too fast | developmentally appropriate educational practice-based on typical development
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| Montessori | children engage in group activities
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