cancer.liver.gi
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| major function of lung | excrete carbon dioxide from blood and replenish oxygen
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| three majors areas of lung disease | 1.) airways 2.) interstitium and 3. pulmonary vascular system
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| atelectasis | collapse
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| atelectasis | collapse of the expanded lung; or failure of lungs to expand at birth
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| atelectasis-results | shunting poorly oxygenated blood into veins; results in ventilation-perfusion imbalance and hypoxia
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| liver | maintains body' metabolic homeostasis
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| livery processes | dietary amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, synthesis of serum proteins, detoxification and excretion into bile of waste
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| hepatic injury | any of the polygonal epithelial parenchymatous cells of the liver that secrete bile -- called also hepatic cell, liver cell
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| pa·ren·chy·ma | the essential and distinctive tissue of an organ or an abnormal growth as distinguished from its supportive framework
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| liver has five basic injuries | inflammation (hepatitis) degeneration (toxic chemicals) necrosis (coagulative necrosis) fibrosis -formed from inflam or toxins - cirrhosis
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| can liver rejuvenate? | Yes, even 75% loss
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| fulminant | coming on suddenly with great severity <fulminant hepatitis with total hepatocyte necrosis
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| bilirubin | end product of heme degradation
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| senescence | the state of being old : the process of becoming old
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| liver lobule | hexagonal around central vein
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| hyper bilirubemia | too much bilirubin; newborns have because their livers aren't mature yet
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| necrosis patterns in liver | centrilobular (around central vein)
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| bridging necrosis | adjacent lobules inflame (portal to portal, portal-to-central, central to central)
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| submassive necrosis | entire lobules
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| massive necrosis | most of liver
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| fibrosis | collegen deposits; result of toxins or inflammation
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| hypo-albuminemia-what is consequence? | peripheral edema
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| how much capacity must be gone before liver fails? | 80-90% before liver failure
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| hyperammonemia | defective urea cycle function
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| hyperestrogenemia | impaired estrogen
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| hepatic encephalopathy | fulminant liver failure causes "crazy" - flapping tremors-EEG changes - due to blood ammonia?
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| hepatorenal syndrome | renal failure due to severe liver disease - correct liver & renal function is restored
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| hepatorenal syndrome-symptoms | (blank)
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| oliguria | reduced excretion of urine
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| cirrhosis | among top 10 deaths-alcohol abuse, chronic infections, biliary disease
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| what is cirrhosis? | progressive fibrosis - liver becomes damaged
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| Fibrosis-three types | normal-collagen distributed; micronodule; parenchymal
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| parenchymal nodules | liver has excess collagen, blood flow is restricted, can't filter properlty
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| biliary disease (3) | bile canaculi -autoimmune-obstruction
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| portal hypertension - | blood pressure in portal venous -
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| ascites | fluid in peritoneal cavity - 500 ml at least--abdominal distension
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| What is in ascites | salts; proteins- mesothelial cells - neutrophils
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| infarct | an area of necrosis in a tissue or organ resulting from obstruction of the local circulation by a thrombus or embolus
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| conjugated | to unite (as with the elimination of water) so that the product is easily broken down
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| conjugated hyperbilirubinemia | "broken down" bilirubin
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| unconjugated bilirubin is _____ in water? | unsoluble-cannot be excreted in urine
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| "unconjugated" bilirubin | blood - can't break down or get rid of it
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| 3 most common causes of jaundice | hemolytic anemia, hepatitis, obstruction of bile flow
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| ascites "sheets" | sheets of water cascading
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| hepatitis type A | common-highly contagious-food & water
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| hepatitis type B | blood, secretions & stool
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| Type C | "C for contact" with needles, blood transfusions
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| hepatitis type D | "D for dogged" by type B --severe & lead to fulminant hepatitis
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| Type E | "E for extra" travel to endemic area
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| prodromal stage-hepatitis | a premonitory symptom of disease -- called also prodroma "before the drama"
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| prodromal stage | fatigue, fever-liver swells
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| "icleric" phase | yellow - shows in skin as bilirubin accumulates
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| hepatic steatosis | "stear-atosis" fat accumulates like beefy meat
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| alcoholic hepatitis | fibrous tissue - scarred liver
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| tylenol's effect on live | "tie lines" vascular lesions
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| wilson's disease | can't excrete copper
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| cholestasis | bile accumulates - obstruction to biliary tree
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| hypoalbuminema | causes edema
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| hyperammonemis | defective urea cycle
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| hepatocellular carcinoma | liver cell --can't resect--can be fatal
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| cirrhosis means | progressive fibrosis
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| eophageal varices | esophagus has "varicose veins" little crack
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| encephalopathy | a disease of the brain; especially : one involving alterations of brain structure
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| portal hypertensions | the portal vein from liver is blocked or affected
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| Intra hepatic portal hypertenstion | cirrhosis blocks normal flow through liver
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| post-hepatic | right heart failure --backs up
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| PRE hepatic | thrombosis (coming somewhere else-BEFORE getting to liver)
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| congestive splenomegaly | abnormal enlargement of the spleen
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| how does portal hypertension affect the spleen? | enlarges-swells
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| icteric | of, relating to, or affected with jaundice
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| acute hepatitis-does it always show jaundice? | no-can be anicteric or icteric
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| cholestasis | "cola stays" bile plugs up liver canalicul
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| canaliculi | one of the narrow spaces between cells in the anastomosing cords of cells that make up a liver lobule
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| neutrophils | a granulocyte that is the chief phagocytic white blood cell
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| antitrypsin deficiency | AAT - autosomal recessive disorder - lack of protein causes tissue-destructive enzymes to run amok
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| skin spider angiomata | form on skin from portal hypertension?
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| atresia | absence or closure of a natural passage of the body <atresia of the small intestine>
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| biliary atresia | in babies, biliary is not ready-need liver transplant-can be fatal
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| Budd-Chiaria Syndrome | "this bud's not for you" - thrombosis blocks liver-due to pregnancy, oral contraceptives--causes sluggish blood flow through liver
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| cholelithiasis | gallstones
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| what are gallstones made of? | cholesterol - 80% - calcium salts
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| cholecystitis | inflammation of gallbladder
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| what is characteristic of neoplasm? | loss of responsivenss to normal growth controls
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| tumor | neoplastic growth
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| cancer latin | "crab"
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| benign tumors - how indicated | "oma" ex. tumor in fibrous tissue is "fibroma"
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| adenoma | glands or look like glands
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| papilloma | "butterfly" have finger like fronds
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| polyp | a mass that projects above a mucosal surface
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| malignant neoplasms-how indicated | sarcoma ex. a cancer in fibrous tissue would be a fibrosarcoma
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| epithelial cell cancers | carcinomas
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| parenchymal cells in cancer-are they alike? | Yes, they look as if they all came from one cell
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| poorly differentiated carcinoma | (blank)
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| stroma | supporting framework for cells - the spongy protoplasmic framework of some cells (as a red blood cell)
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| anaplasia | reversion of cells to a more primitive or undifferentiated form
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| How to tell benign from malignant cancer (5) | differentiation, anaplasia , rate of growth, local invasion and metastasis
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| anaplasia means | "to form backward" -
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| pleomorphism | variation in size and shape
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| mitoses of cancer cells | abnormal, numerous--cells lose polarity, grow in sheets
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| do cancer cells act like real cells? | sometimes-they retain functions & secrete hormones (if they are from endocrine glands)
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| do cancer excrete strange substances? | Yes, they produce "ectopic" hormones
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| encapsulation (an enclosing fibrous capsule) is charactieristic of what type of tumor? | benign
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| hematogenous spread of cancer | sarcomas and carcinomas spread through blood
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| pleomorphism | cells look differentthe quality or state of having or assuming various forms :
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| hyperchromatic nuclei | nuclei look & stain different
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| carcinoma in situ | cancer throughout entire thickness of epithelium
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| do cancers have "stem" cells | yes, it appears that one cell creates clones
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| "seeding" of cancer | ovarian cancer - cancer invades a natural body cavity
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| lymphatic drainage | cancer spreads through lymph system ex. breast cancer
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| inherited cancer | childhood retinoblastoma - familial
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| oncogenes | gene having the potential to cause a normal cell to become cancerous
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| paracrine | of, relating to, promoted by, or being a substance secreted by a cell and acting on adjacent cells <paracrine stimulation of tumor growth --
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| growth promoting proto oncogenes | (blank)
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| apoptosis | altered - as cancer grows
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| inactivation of cancer suppressor genes | allows uncontrollable growth
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| what makes cancer grow? | 1.Mutation -then oncogenes grow, apoptosis is altered and cancer suppressor genes are de-activated
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| oncoproteins | oncogenes encode oncoproteins - growth factor protein goes crazy
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| cell proliferation | binding of growth factor-
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| 6 characteristics of cancer cells | self-sufficient; evade apoptosis; limitless replication; invade & metastisize; no growth inhibition; genomic instability
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| P53 | a tumor suppressor gene that in a defective form tends to be associated with a high risk of certain cancers (as of the colon, lung, and breast)
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| P53 | "after fifty it's not thrifty"-supposed to be a tumor suppressor gene, but it fails in breast & other cancers
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| P53 | loss of this gene is found in the top killers: lung, breast & colon
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| hirschsprung disease | congenital megacolon "colon sprung up big"
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| angiodysplasia | bleeding of colon
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| malabsorption symptoms | (blank)
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| Barrett's esophagus | metaplasia of the lower esophagus that is characterized by replacement of squamous epithelium with columnar epithelium, occurs especially as a result of chronic gastroesophageal reflux, and is associated with an increased risk for esophageal carcinoma --
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| Barrett's esophagus | cancer from reflux disease
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| atresia -small bowel | failure of small bowel--cannot live
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| duplication | two sets of intestines
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| omphalocele | protrusion of abdominal contents through an opening at the navel occurring especially as a congenital defect
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| meckel's diverticulum | the proximal part of the omphalomesenteric duct when persistent as a blind fibrous tube connected with the lower ileum
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