I and I
Help!
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| cefuroxamine, what is it and what is it used for? | second-generation cephalosporin, which can be used to treat lower respiratory infections and urinary tract infections, as well as otitis media and gonorrhea.
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| how does cefuroxamine work? | It inhibits cell wall synthesis of bacteria by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, which are transmembrane proteins that produce cross-linkages in peptidoglycan layer.
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| How do aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin) work? | They irreversibly bind to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis
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| How do Lincosamides (e.g., clindamycin) work? | They irreversibly bind to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, suppressing bacterial protein synthesis. Not that macrolides (e.g., erythromycin) reversibly bind to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome.
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| How do sulfonamides work? | They competitively inhibit Para-aminobenzoic acid (PBA) and so inhibiting folic acid biosynthesis required for bacterial growth
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| S. aureus can evade host immune response by? | 1. Protien A: binds Fc region of Ig 2. IgA protease: enzyme cleaves IgA. 3. Polysaccharide capsules also inhibit phagocytosis
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| MeninGococci ferment? | Maltose and Glucose
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| Gonococci ferment? | Glucose
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| silver stain | fungi, Legionella
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| India ink | Cryptococcus neoformans
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| Ziehl-Neelsen stain | Acid-fast bacteria
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| Giemsa's stain | 1. Borellia
2. Plasmodium
3. trypanosomes
4. Chlamydia
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| aminOglycosides | are ineffective against anaerobes because these antibiotics require Oxygen to enter into bacterial cells.
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| obligate intracellular bacteria | 1. Richettsia 2. Chlamydia *These bugs can't make their own ATP
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| Quelling test | if bacteria have a capsule they will swell when specific anticapsular antisera is added
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| Some Gram + spore forming bacteria include: | Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium perfringens, C. tetani. Other spore formers include: B. cereus, C. botulinum
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| Beta-hemolytic bacteria include: | 1. S. aureus 2. Strep. pyogenes 3. Strep. agalactiae 4. Listeria monocytogenes
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| Signs of rheumatic fever | 1. Subcutaneous nodules 2. Polyarthritis 3. Erythema marignatum 4. Chorea 5. Carditis
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| Staphylococcus epidermidis can cause what? | Infects prosthetic devices and catheters. It is a component of skin flora; contaminates blood cultures.
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| Lysteria monocytogenes can cause? | 1. amonionitis, septicemia, and spontaneous abortion in pregnant women 2. granulomatous infantiseptica 3. meningitis (in neonates ain immunocompramised) 4. mild gastroenteritis in healthy individuals
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| Actinomyces (looks like a fungus but is actually a gram positive anaerobe) can cause what? | Oral/facial abcesses that may drain through sinus tracts in skin
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| Penicillin G and gram - bugs | Gram-negative outer membrane later inhits the entry of penicillin G and vancomycin.
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| Enterobacteriaceae family include | 1. E. coli 2. Salmonella 3. Shigella
4. Kebsiella 5. Enterobacter 6. Serratia
7. Proteus
**They all have a capsule (K antigen), O antigen, flagellar antigen (H antigen), and ferment glucose
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| Klebsiella | Red currant jelly sputum
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| cAMP inducers | 1. V. cholera-activates Gs --> rice water diarrhea 2. Pertussis toxin: permanently disables Gi -->
whooping cough
3. E.col- heat-labile toxin
4. Bacillus anthracis- edema factor is itself an
adenylate cyclase
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| The Spirochetes include? | 1. Borelia (big size) 2. Leptospira 3. Treponema
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| Lyme disease | "Expanding bull's eye"
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| Lyme disease clinical presentation | "BAKE a Key Lyme pie:
Bell's palsy
Arthritis (mono- and poly-arthritis)
Kardiac block
Erythema magrans
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| What do you treat Lyme disease with? | Doxycycline
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| What are the stages of Lyme diseasse? | Stage 1: erythema chonicum migrans, flulike symptoms Stage 2: neurologic and cardiac manifestations Stage 3: chronic monoarthritis and migratory polyarthritis
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| Argyll Robertson pupil | Pupil constricts with accommodation but is not reactive to light. Associated with tirtiary syphilis. "Prostitute's pupil, accomodates but does not react."
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| Only bacterial membrane containing cholesterol is? | Mycoplasma pneumoniae
*These bacteria do not have a cell wall and therefore penicillin is NOT effective against them
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| Aspergillus fumigatus | Can cause: lung cavity aspergilloma ("fungus balls"), invasive aspergiliosis (esp. in imm.comp). Mold with septate hyphae that branch at a V-shaped (45 degree) angle. Not dimorphic
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| Toxoplasma gondii: 1. Disease and 2. Treatment? | 1. Disease: brain abcess in HIV patients, birth
defects (ring-enhancing brain lesions)
2. Treatment: sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
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| Segmented viruses include? | "BOAR"
1. Bunyaviruses
2. Orthomyxoviruses
3. Arenaviruses
4. Reovirus
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| Yellow fever | 1. Flavivirus
2. transmitted by Aedes mosquitos
3. Symptoms: high fever, black vomitus, and jaundice 4. Lab: Councilman bodies (acidophilic inclusions)
may be seen in liver
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| PaRaMyxovirus | 1. Parainfluenza (croup)
2. RSV (bronchiolitis in babies; Rx rifavirin)
3. Rubeola (Measles)- rash spread head to toe;
Koplik sopts (red with blue-white center)
4. Mumps
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| The most common and second most common couses of UTIs in young, sexually active women are? | 1. E. coli 2. Staph. saprophyticus
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| The two most common causes of nosocomial infections are? | E.coli (UTI)
S. aureus (wound infection)
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| Antibiotics that are bacteriostatic? | "ECSTaTiC":
Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim, Tetracyclines, and Chloramphenicol
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| Antibiotics that are bactericidal? | "Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder": Vancomycin, Fluoroquinolones, Penicillin, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Metronidizole
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| Antipseudomonals are? | "Takes Care of Psuedomonas":
Ticarcillin
Carbenicillin
Piperacillin
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| What do you treat gonorrhea with? | Ceftriaxone
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| Antibiotics that inhibit the 30S ribosome subunit? | Aminoglycosides (bactericidal)
streptomycin
gentamicin
tobramycin
amikacin)
Tetracyclins (bacteriostatic)
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| Antibiotics that inhibit the 50S ribosome subunit are? | "CCELL":
Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin (bacteriostatic)
Erythromycin (bacteriostatic)
Lincomycin (bacteriostatic)
Linezolid (variable)
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| NK cells are activated by what cytokine? | IL-12 (made by B cells and macrophages)
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| What are the chemotactic factors for Neutrophils? | IL-8 (made by macrophages) and C5a
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| What are the symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever? | 1. Rash on pals and soles (migrating to wrists,
ankles, then trunk).
2. headache
3. fever
* endemic to East Coast
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| Palm and sole rash is seen in what conditions? | 1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
2. Syphilis
3. Coxsackievirus
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| Difference in rash appearance between rickettsial rash (Rocky Mount. Spot. Fever) and typhus rash (endemic(R. typhi)/epidemic typus (R. prowazekii))? | "Rickettsia on the wRists, Typhus on the Trunk."
Rickettsial rash starts on hands and feet vs. typhus rash starts centrally and spreads out.
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| Enzymes that are inhibitors of beta-lactamase and are given in combination with penicillins to create a beta-lactamase resistant combination. | 1. Clavulanic Acid
2. Sulbactam
3. Tazobactam
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