Practice test for Immunology test 2, after review, Del-Tech Owens
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| The body cannot distinguish good antigens from bad antigens. It can only recognize __ from __. | self from nonself
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| HLA stands for ? | Human leukocyte antigen
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| The immune system recognizes self from non-self by what 3 ways? | 1. T cell receptors 2. Products of MHC 3. Immunoglobulins (secreted and membrane bound)
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| What 3 things determine the immunogenicity of an antigen? | 1. foreignness 2. molecular size 3. chemical complexity
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| The bigger the molecule the __ the immune response. | bigger
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| Molecular complexity is related to molecular ? | size
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| Foreignness refers to the __ __ between host and antigen. | phylogenetic relationship
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| The more foreign the antigen, the __ the immune response. | greater
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| An antigen from the host's own body that generates an immune response is said to be an ? | autoantigen
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| An antigen from another member of the same species that triggers an immune response is called an ? | alloantigen
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| An antigen from a member of another species is called a ? | heteroantigen
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| Molecules too small to generate an immune response on their own are called ? | haptens
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| A molecule that binds to a hapten to generate an immune response is called a ? | carrier molecule
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| What kind of molecule often forms the strongest immunogenic reactions? | proteins
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| A thymic-dependent antigens requires __ to deal with it immunogenically. | T cells
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| Carbohydrates are __ immunogenic than proteins, but __ immunogenic than lipids. | less, more
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| Carbohydrates are T-__ antigens. | independent
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| What 2 kinds of antigens are only immunogenic if they are covalently linked to an immunogenic carrier? | Lipids and nucleic acids
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| Which is more immunogenic, lipids or nucleic acids? | Lipids
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| Big antigens tend to be more immunogenic. What kind of antigen is an exception to this rule? | nucleic acids
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| What sort of compound increases the immunogenic response to an antigen? | adjuvant
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| Adjuvants can do what to the localized inflammatory response? | Increase it
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| Adjuvants can release the antigen more __ into the body to improve the immune response. | slowly
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| Adjuvants can recruit more phagocytic and inflammatory cells. Why does this help the immune response? | Better uptake of the antigen
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| All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are __. | immunogens
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| Adjuvants can increase, but do not confer, __ by themselves. | immunity
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| Name 2 types of adjuvants. | 1. mineral oil 2. aluminum salts
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| Alum, known as Freund's Adjuvant, is a __ __ and __ mixture with 2 other ingredients. | mineral oil and water, LPS, muramyldipeptide
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| The immune system recognizes antigens by their ? | epitopes
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| Two types of epitopes, named for their structure, are called ? | 1. linear 2. conformational
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| An epitope with a 3 dimensional structure is called a ? | conformational epitope
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| Some antigens have the same or similar ? | epitopes
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| Because epitopes can be the same for different antigens across different species, what can happen? | cross-reactivity
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| Cross-reactivity can be involved in what sort of immune response? | autoimmune
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| Cross-reactivity can be useful in this compound used to train the immune system to fight infections it hasn't encountered yet. | vaccine
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| MHC molecules are inherited from our parents and expressed __. | co-dominantly
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| How many different sets of MHC types can be inherited from both our parents in total? | 4
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| Class 1 MHC molecules are involved in antigen presentation of __ antigens. | endogenous
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| Class 1 MHC molecules are expressed to which kind of T cell during antigen presentation? | CD8+
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| Class 2 MHC molecules are involved in antigen presentation of __ antigens. | exogenous
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| Class 2 MHC molecules are expressed to which kind of T cell during antigen presentation? | CD4+
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| How do T cells recognize antigens? | T cell receptor
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| T cell receptors are associated with which cluster of differentiation? | CD3
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| All nucleated cells express which kind of MHC molecule? | MHC class 1
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| All antigen presenting cells express which kind of MHC molecule? | MHC class 2
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| Antigens taken up by antigen presenting cells are usually strong __. | immunogens
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| T cell receptors only exist on the T cell's surface, while antibodies can be found where? | On the surface of B/plasma cells or secreted by them
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| What kind of MHC molecule activates a CD8 cell? | MHC class 1 (CD8 T cells are cytotoxic)
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| What kind of MHC molecule activates a CD4 cell? | MHC class 2 (CD4 T cells are helper T cells)
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| PAMP stands for? | Pathogen associated molecular pattern
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| Name 3 kinds of professional antigen presenting cells. | 1. Dendritic cells 2. macrophages 3. B cells (some of them)
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| Which is the best of the antigen presenting cells? | dendritic
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| Name 3 kinds of nonprofessional antigen presenting cells? | 1. Fibroblasts 2. thymic epithelial cells 3. vascular cells
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| What antigen presenting cell expresses the highest levels of MHC class 2? | dendritic
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| How do B cells recognize antigens? | surface antibody
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| What are the 3 major types of T cells? | 1. Helper T cell 2. Cytotoxic T cell 3. Regulatory T cell
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| Regulatory T cells do what to the immune response? | downregulate
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| Regulatory T cells express which kinds of clusters of differentiation? | 4 and 25
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| Cytotoxic T cells express which kind of CD? | 8
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| Helper T cells express which kind of CD? | 4
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| A lack of responsiveness to a specific antigen is called ? | immunological tolerance
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| Immunological tolerance keeps the body from attacking ? | itself
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| Positive and negative selection of T cells occurs in the ? | thymus
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| T cells that react to the body's own cells are called __ __. | self reactive
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| Self reactive T cells are allowed to __. | die
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| Double positive thymocytes are presented with MHC class 1 and 2 molecules. If they fail to recognize self MHC molecules, they die within the thymus. This is what kind of theory? | positive selection theory
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| If an antigen presenting cell expresses the MHC class 1 molecule while presenting an epitope to a T cell, what happens to the antigen presenting cell? | Death
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| Why would an antigen presenting cell express the MHC class 1 molecule while presenting an epitope to a T cell? | It is infected
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| Activated T helper cells determine if the acquired immune response will be __ or __. | humoral or cell mediated
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| The chemical communications among cells of the immune system are carried out by ? | cytokines
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| Name 4 cytokines that are used clinically. | 1. Interferon 2. Interleukin-2 3. GM-CSF (granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor) 4. Antibody of TNF alpha
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| The cytokine interferon is used to treat what diseases? | 1. hairy cell leukemia 2. renal cancer 3. MS 4. hepatitis
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| The cytokine interleukin-2 is used to treat what diseases? | 1. renal cancer 2. melanoma
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| The cytokine GM-CSF is used to treat ? | neutropenia
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| Lymphokines, monokines, interleukins, and chemokines are all ? | cytokines
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| One cytokine can act on multiple cells and have multiple functions. This means they are ? | pleiotropic
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| True or false: Cytokines can only have one function. | False. They are redundant.
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| When combined, the effect of cytokines on the immune response can be greater than the sum of their individual reactions. This means they are ? | synergistic
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| When cytokines have opposing effects on the immune response, the reactions is ? | antagonistic
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| What is the effect of a cytokine when it acts on the cell that secreted it? | autocrine effect
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| What is the effect of a cytokine when it acts on a cell nearby? | paracrine effect
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| What is the effect of a cytokine when it acts on a cell that is far away? | endocrine effect
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| Most cytokines are involved in cell ? | proliferation
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| Functionally, what are the 3 regulatory categories for cytokines? | 1. regulators of innate immunity 2. regulators of adaptive immunity 3. regulators of hematopoiesis
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| Assays can be used to measure the __ of T cells. | functions
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| Which kind of T cell functional assay is used to test cell proliferation? | Triated thymidine uptake assay with antigen
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| Which kind of T cell functional assay is used in transplantation cases to evaluate the histocompatibility of lymphocytes between donor and recipient? | Mixed lymphocyte reaction
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| Which kind of T cell functional assay is used to measure cytotoxic T cells? | Cr51 release cytotoxicity assay
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| The study of serum components in the blood is called ? | serology
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| Blood draws done for in vitro measurement of antibody and antigen reactions in serum or plasma should be made in a __ top vacutainer. | red
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| A sequence of dilutions made using the same ratio repeatedly is called ? | serial dilution
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| The reciprocal of the last dilution that yields a positive test in an assay is called a ? | titer
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| When making dilutions, the solute is the ? | material being diluted
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| When making dilutions, the diluent is the ? | solution used to dilute the solute
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| Another word for diluent is ? | buffer
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| A 1/2 dilution means __ part of solute plus __ part diluent. | one, one
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| A 1/4 dilution means __ part of solute plus __ parts of diluent. | one, three
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| When several dilutions are made to get the final dilution, this is called a ? | compound dilution
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| The percentage of times in which there is a true negative test result divided by the number of total negatives when the total negatives equal the tested true negatives plus the false positives. | specificity
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| The measure of how often the assay will correctly diagnose the disease or condition being tested out of the total number of patients who have the disease or condition. | sensitivity
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| The tested true negatives refers to the number of samples that are __ for the disorder and that test __. | negative, negative
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| The total true negatives is the number of samples from patients that were truly __ for the disorder by that tested positive. | negative
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| Complement proteins are produced primarily in what organ? | the liver
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| Aside from cells in the liver, what kind of cells produce complement? | monocytes, macrophages, epithelial cells
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| Complement goes __ during acute inflammation. | up
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| Gram negative bacteria are __ by complement. | lysed
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| Gram positive bacteria are __ by complement. | opsonized
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| Complement levels can tell us if a condition is __ or __. | acute or chronic
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| Complement is involved in the clearance of __ complexes and __ cells. | immune, apoptotic
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| Complement goes __ during chronic inflammation. | down
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| Complement interacts with the __ pathway. | coagulation
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| How does complement help the host defend itself against infection? (4 ways.) | 1. lysis of some pathogens 2. opsonization 3. chemotaxis 4. leukocyte activation
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| Complement helps what immune systems join forces? | innate and acquired
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| Complement enhances __ through interactions with B cells and follicular dendritic cells. | memory
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| What are the 3 complement pathways? | classical, altertative, lectin
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| All 3 complement pathways are different strategies to reach the __ __. They are the same after this point. | C3 convertase
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| The ultimate goal of the 3 complement pathways is to reach the ? | MAC (membrane attack complex)
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| How is the classical pathway activated? | By an antibody bound to an antigen.
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| Which antibodies can activate the classical complement pathway? | IgM and IgG (IgG3, IgG1, IgG2)
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| When testing for complement, which pathway will be affected by the use of an EDTA tube? | classical
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| Why does an EDTA tube affect the classical pathway? | calcium binding
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| C1q of the classical pathway can be activated by ? | 1. C-reactive protein (inflammation) 2. some gram negative bacteria (including E. coli) 3. several viruses 4. some protozoa 5. mycoplasmas 6. coagulation factor 13a
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| Which pathway is triggered LEAST directly by pathogens? | classical
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| How is the alternative pathway activated? | Microorganisms and activator surfaces
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| Lipopolysaccharides in the cell walls of what organisms can activate the alternative pathway? | bacteria, fungi, viruses
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| Name 3 activator surfaces that can trigger the alternative complement pathway? | IgG2, IgA, IgE
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| Some parasites, including __ can activate the alternative pathway. | trypanosomes
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| What can activate the Lectin pathway? | When MBL or serum ficolin bind to the surface of terminal carbohydrates
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| What does MBL stand for? | Mannose binding lectin
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| Small peptides that causes histamine release from mast cells, smooth muscle contractions, and increase in vascular permeability are called ? | Anaphylatoxins
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| Anaphylatoxins can cause __, generation of __ __, and encourage __. | chemotaxis, oxygen radicals, inflammation
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| What inhibitor controls the classical pathway? | C1INH (C1 inhibitory)
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| How does the C1INH regulate the classical pathway? | It causes Cr1 and C1s to dissociate from C1q, stopping the cascade
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| Alternative pathway is controlled by ? | Factor H
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| The lectin pathway in inhibited by ? | C1INH
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| How does C1INH regulate the lectin pathway? | It inhibits binding MBL-MASP-2
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| What are the 2 types of functional assays for complement? | CH50 and AH50
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| What is mixed with the serum during an AH50 assay? | rabbit blood
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| In the AH50 test, the amount of __ released by the cells is proportional to the amount of the alternative pathway activity. | hemoglobin
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| How are serological antigen assays measured? | by radial immunodiffusion
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| Acute inflammation can raise __ levels. | complement
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| What error can falsely lower complement levels during an antigen assay? | Using the wrong tube to collect the blood serum
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| Bacterial infections in infants are associated with deficiencies in which pathway? | lectin
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| A deficiency in what complement protein can profoundly affect all 3 pathways? | C3
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| Deficiencies in C1INH can effect inhibition of which pathway? | Both classical and lectin
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