march bio ch 3 key terms
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| cytology | the study of cells
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| fluid mosaic model | description of the composition of the plasma membranep; made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
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| cytoplasm | all the material within the cell membrane other than the nucleus
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| mitochondria | "powerhouse of the cell"; center of cellular respiration
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| cristae | folds of mitochondrial membrane which contain enzymes necessary for cellular respiration
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| ribosomes | non-membrane-bound organelles; function in protein synthesis
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| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | folds of cellular membranes running throughout the cytoplasm; functions in synthesis of complex compounds; a channel for movement of substances
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| golgi apparatus | synthesis of complex polysaccharides and othe coplex secretions; packages substances for secretion
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| lysosomes | destroys old or useless cellular structures
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| cytoskeleton | system of fibers crisscrossing the inside of the cell; provides structure for the cell
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| flagella | occur singly or in small groups; aid in mobility
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| cilia | short, hairlike structures; aid in mobility
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| plastids | storage organelles for plants, algae; NOT found in animal cells
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| leucoplast | stores plant products; colorless
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| chromoplast | contains pigments
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| chloroplast | chromoplast that contains green pigments (chlorophyll), thylakoids, grana, filled with fluid called stroma
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| vacuole | a membrane-bound sac that contains food, water, wastes, or other materials
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| vesicle | a small vacuole
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| nucleus | control center of the cell
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| nuclear envelope | double membrane that surrounds thenucleus; contains large pores
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| nucleolus | contains large areas of RNA; site of ribosome synthesis
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| homeostasis | steady state of the cell; dynamic equilibrium
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| optimal point | the temperature at which a cell functions best
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| optimal range | where function can still take place
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| range of tolerance | the temperature range in which a cell or an organism will remain alive but will not function properly
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| limit of tolerance | the point outside of the optimal range where a cell dies
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| isotonic solution | condition where the concentration of solutes outside the cell is the same as the concentration inside the cell
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| hypotonic solution | condition where the water concentration is higher and the solute concentration is lower in the solution than inside the cell; causes cytolysis
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| hypertonic solution | condition where the ratio of solutes to water is higher in the solution than inside the cell; causes plasmolysis in plants and shrinking of red blood cells
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| endocytosis | the process a cell uses to transport substances in bulk across the membrane
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| phagocytosis | "cellular eating"
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| pinocytosis | "cellular drinking"
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| exocytosis | process where vacuoles in the cytoplasm fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the solution outside the cell
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| passive transport | movement with concentration gradient; no energy required; no membrane protein required for transport; diffusion and osmosis
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| passive mediated transport | movement with concentration gradient; no energy requiredp; membrane protein required for transport
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| active transport | movement against concentration gradient; energy required; membrane protein required for transport
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| cytolysis | the bursting of cells
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| plasmolysis | the process where a plant cell loses too much water by osmosis and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall
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