Nur 100 bio/environmental
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| The immune system | the body's major defense mechanism against infections, abnormal and damaged cells; bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites
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| the immune system consists of | complex intricate network of specialized tissues, cells and organs
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| the immune system's goal | to protect the body by seeking and destroying damaged cells while preserving the host
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| the immune system is activated by | major and minor injuries
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| an innate immune response is | vascular,cellular and healing
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| an adaptive immune response is | antibody and cell mediated
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| leukocytes | WBC's released from bone marrow
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| leukopenia | the decrease in WBC numbers
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| leukocytosis | the increase in WBC numbers
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| granulocytes | neutrophils, esinophils and basophils
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| monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells | are mediators of immunity, recognized foreign matter and initiate immune response
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| lymphocytes | principal effector and regulator of specific immune response, T cells, B cells and NK cells
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| antigens | invaders, provoke a specific immune response
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| antibodies | bind with antigens and deactivate them
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| 5 types of antibodies | IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
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| lymph | via lymph nodes
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| T cells | become mature in the thymus gland
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| B cells | become mature in the bone marrow
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| T lymphocytes | mature into Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, or memory T cells
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| Memory cells | are responsible for providing acquired immunity
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| cell mediated immune response | lymphocytes themselves make helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells to deactivate the antigen
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| innate immune response | first line of defense; non-specific (skin and mucosal barriers, vascular and cellular responses and phagocytosis)
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| vascular response | stage one; local blood vessels briefly constrict, vasodilation of capillary arterioles and venules allow inflow of fluid, fluid accumulates and swelling ensues, and drainage
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| vascular response aids in | localized invading bacteria and keeps them form spreading by trapping them in the fibrin threads
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| phagocytosis | the eating of one cell by another cell
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| debridement | when the cells are removing exudate from the cellular response stage, this sets the wound up for healing
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| reconstruction | when the cells begin to repair themselves, their goal is to end with resolution because some cells can regenerate themselves while others cannot
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| adaptive immune response | due to an initial exposure to an antigen, the body develops a memory and a plan against this antigen
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| antibody mediated | driven by B cells, B cells contact antigen and create antibody producing plasma cells and memory cells
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| immunoglobulin | antibody Ig; theses antibodies bind and inactivate specific antigens
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| B cells + antigen = | antibody producing plasma cells and memory cells
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| cell mediated | for sleeper cells that are hidden, initiated by T cells, cell mediated has a memory, additional exposures are treated quicker and more effectively
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| two types of cell mediated | killer T cells and Helper T cells
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| active immunity | body produces antibodies or develops immune lymphocytes against specific antigens; it can be naturally or artificially obtained
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| passive immunity | provides temporary protection against disease producing agents, protection is gradually lost, passive immunity can be naturally or artificially obtained
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| natural immunity | obtained by infection resulting in antibodies or transfer from mom to baby
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| artificial immunity | obtained by immunization with antigen or administration of antibodies in Ig
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| diagnostics | serum protein, protein electrophoresis, antibody testing, skin testing
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| vaccination | suspensions of whole or fractioned bacteria or viruses, nopathogenic
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| microorganisms | bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
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| virulent | ability to cause disease
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| pathogens | are virulent organisms rarely found in the absence of disease
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| infections happen when | pathogen is able to multiply within the host
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| initial stage of infection | incubation period, pathogen begins to rplicate but no manifestations
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| prodromal stage of infection | manifestations begin to appear
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| acute stage of infection | pathogen proliferate and disseminate rapidly, toxic by products released
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| convalescent stage of infection | ins contained and pathogen is eliminated
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| nosocomial infections | acquired in health care setting, prevention is most important measure for control, wash your hands, patients are very susceptible. examples; MRSA,C-diff, and VRE
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| white blood cell count | WBC
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| WBC with dif | white blood cell count with differential
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| CTpr | ProCalcitonin
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| standard isolation | hand washing and gloves; treat everyone as if they have something
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| contact isolation | hand washing, gloves, gown; anything that you could touch or take to another patient
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| droplet isolation | hand washing, gloves, gown, mask, goggles; protect your from them as well as your other patients
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| airborne isolation | hand washing, gloves, gown, N95 mask, goggles, negative air flow room
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