Final review
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| What is the function of the acrosome reaction? | to digest plasma membrane
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| What is the function of the cortical reaction? | releases enzymes that inactivates sperm binding cite
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| What even causes the oocyte to complete the 2nd meiotic division? | fertilization
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| What tissue in the developing embryo produces a gonadotropic hormone? | Trophoblast produces HCG and develops into placenta
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| What is tissue produces estrogen and progesterone in the late stages of pregnancy? | placenta
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| Which blood-born leukocyte is most numerous? | Neutrophyls - phagocyte
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| What is the blood cell that produces macrophages? | monocytes
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| What is the role of macrophages and where do they live? | Phagocytes and they live in tissues
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| What is the role of dendritic cells? | antigen presenting
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| What is the role of a mast cell and where do they live? | mediate allergic responses and release histamine and they live in tissue
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| What are the primary immunce cells that mediate the nonspecific responses to pathogens? | Phagocytes – primarily macrophages
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| How are pathogens recognized by phagocytes? | receptors recognize classes
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| How are pathogens destroyed by phagocytes? | phagocytosis
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| How are immune cells recruited to the site of tissue damage/ pathogen infiltration? | chemotaxic cytokines
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| What causes redness? | increase in blood to that cite
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| What causes swelling? | increase in permeability of membrane, causes edema
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| What causes pain? | chemicals being released
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| How do interferons exert their antiviral effects? | general response to an infection keeps virus from replicating
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| What are the primary lymph organs and what is their function? | Bone marrow makes lymphocytes and thymus regulates maturation of T cells
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| What are the secondary lymph organs? | Spleen and lymph nodes
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| What structures serve as compartments for immune surveillance of the lymphatic circulation? | lymph nodes
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| What structures serve as compartments for immune surveillance of the plasma? | spleen
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| What is a lymphocyte clone? | each lymphocyte that replicates has a specific antibody or T cell receptor
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| What is the main function of B lymphocytes? | antibodies
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| What is the main function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes? | recognizes antigens infected cells and kills them
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| What is the main function of helper T lymphocytes? | amplifies immune response to that specific antigen
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| What is an antigen? | a foreign molecule
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| What is an antibody? | secreted B cell immunoglobin
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| What is the functional difference between a B cell receptor and a T cell receptor? | B cell doesn’t have to see MHC but T cell does
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| What is opsinization? | antibodies coats bacteria
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| How do antibodies serve as Neutralization? | antibody inactivates virus
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| How do antibodies serve as facilitation of phagocytosis? | Fc receptor (macrophages)
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| How do antibodies serve as compliment activation? | forms a pore in virus cell membrane
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| What is the MHC? What is its significance? | Membrane histocompatibilty complex, no two people have same MHC (self vs. nonself)
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| What is the distinction between MHC I and MHC II molecules? | MHC I resides in all nucleated cells and MCH II resides in antigen presenting cells
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| What type of MHC molecules do helper T cells recognize? | MHC II
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| What type of MHC molecules do cytotoxic T cells recognize? | MHC I
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| What is the function of antigen presentation by APCs? | So the antigen pieces can be recognized by the helper T cells
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| What is the function of antigen presentation by a tissue cell? | so the cytotoxic T cells recognize it
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| What does clonal expansion refer to and what’s its purpose? | one clone divides and proliferates and recognizes infection, purpose to go out and find infected cells
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| What is a plasma cell and its function? | B cell that is activated (encountered antigen), function to secrete antibodies
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| What is a memory cell? | B or T lymphocytes that stay in the body
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| What is the mechanism responsible for an enhanced immune response following a second encounter with an antigen? | memory cells
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| What is the humoral response? What lymphocytes are involved? What type of pathogen attack is it aimed at? | blood born B cells, antibodies formed, extracellular microbes
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| What is a cell-mediated response? What lymphocytes are involved? What type of pathogen attack is it aimed at? | intracellular, cytotoxic and helper T cells
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| What is the mechanism of an allergic response? What cell type is involved? | B cells and mast cells. IGE type antibodies bind to mast cells and release histamine
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| What is the BER and how does it spread throughout GI smooth muscle? | basic electrical rhythm, spread via gap junctions throughout gut
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| How is the BER modified to produce more or less contraction of GI smooth muscle? | BER modifies strength of contraction by depolarizing stimuli
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| How does peristalsis differ from segmentation? | Peristalsis is the propulsion mvmt while segmentation is the mixing movements
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| What directly controls the motility of the gut? | Gastrointestinal walls
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| What indirectly controls the gut motility? | CNS
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| What part of the nervous system mediates the “anticipatory” stimulation of gastric secretions? | Brain
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| What gastric hormone is released during the cephalic phase? | gastrin
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| What gastric hormone is released during the gastric phase? | secretin and CCK
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| What are the local stimuli that activates gastric secretions? | increase in acid, fat, amino acid, hypertonicity, distension
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| What are the two target organs of secretin and how does it effect them? | gallbladder (contracts), and sphincter of oddi (relaxes)
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| What is the postabsorptive state? | to maintain plasma glucose concentration
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| What 2 hormones control the transition between postabsorptive and absorptive states? | Insulin: Glucagon
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| What cells produce insulin? | Beta pancreatic cells
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| What cells produce glucagon? | Alpha pancreatic cells
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| What are the main target organs for insulin? | muscle, adipocytes and liver
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| What is the main target organ of glucagon? | liver
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| How does exercise exert its effects on plasma metabolites? | epinephrine is released and causes an increase in plasma glucose, FA, and glycerol.
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| What hormone controls metabolic rate? | thyroid
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| What is the integrator for control of metabolic rate and body temp? | hypothalamus
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Created by:
Kayerenee