Practice for Immunology 1 class, test 1, DelTech Owens Campus
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| What is immunology? | The study of the reaction when the host encounters a foreign substance.
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| What is an antigen? | The foreign substance that causes the response. It can refer to a pathogen or to a part of the pathogen that binds to a specific antibody.
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| Antigens are usually thought of as __ agents, like bacteria or viruses. | infectious
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| Aside from infectious agents like microbes, antigens can also be __ __ or __ __. | environmental substances or synthetic structures
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| Antigens/epitopes are specific __ that bind to specific __ like a lock and a key. | proteins, antibodies
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| What is immunity? | The discrimination between self and nonself and protection from nonself.
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| What is the immune system? | A system of processes and structures that protect an organism from disease.
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| There are 2 kinds of basic immune systems in the body. What are they called? | 1. Innate (or natural) immune system 2. acquired (or adaptive) immune system.
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| The first line of defense against antigens in the body is the __ immune system. | innate
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| Which of the 2 basic immune systems is very specific? | acquired immune system
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| Which immune system is available to defend the body quickly? | innate immune system
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| Cells that can attack one pathogen cannot attack another. This describes which immune system? | acquired
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| Which immune system has defenses that are not specific to the pathogen in question? | innate
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| Which immune system is large in scope and even able to attack invaders that don't exist yet? | acquired
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| Which immune system can discriminate? | acquired
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| Which immune system has memory? | acquired
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| Which immune system prevents entry of pathogens by separating the inside of the body from the outside? | innate
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| Name 5 structural barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body. | 1. skin 2. cough reflex 3. sneeze 4. mucus and cilia 5. ear wax
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| The __ of sweat, sebaceous glands, the vagina and stomach, are all examples of chemical influences that prevent microbes from harming the body. | acidity, or pH
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| What is the name of an antibacterial enzyme in the skin, stomach, and tears that prevent infections? | lysozyme
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| What kind of bacteria in the stomach prevent harmful bacteria from growing there? | normal flora
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| Bacteria - including normal flora (the good bacteria) - are affected by __. | antibiotics
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| What are the 2 basic components of the innate immune system? | 1. cellular component and 2. the humoral component of the blood
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| The humoral component of the innate immune system is in the __ phase of the blood. | fluid
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| When blood clots, the fluid phase of the blood is called ? | serum
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| If anticoagulants prevent blood from clotting, the fluid phase of the blood is called ? | plasma
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| Which of the 2 fluid phases of the blood (serum or plasma) lacks clotting factors? | serum
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| Why does serum lack clotting factors? | Serum has been allowed to clot. So the factors have all joined the clot and been used up.
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| Serum plus clotting factors is called ? | plasma
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| Clotted plasma yields ? | serum
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| The cells in the cellular component of blood include what 3 basic types? | Granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes
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| Name 3 cells of the innate immune system found in body tissues. | Macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells
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| White blood cells are differentiated from each other by surface __. | markers
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| Blood cell markers are prefixed with the letters "CD." What does CD stand for? | cluster of differentiation
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| Helper cells have what kind of CD markers? | CD4
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| Suppressor cells have what kind of CD markers? | CD8
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| All white blood cells have what kind of CD marker? | CD45+
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| All granulocytes have what 2 kinds of CD markers? | CD 45+ (like all WBCs) and CD 15+
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| Neutrophils are __ staining. | neutral (granules do not stain under Wright stain)
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| Basophils are __ staining. | blue (granules turn dark blue under Wright stain)
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| Eosinophils are __ staining. | red (granules turn bright red under Wright stain)
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| Which is the most abundant granulocyte? | Neutrophils
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| Which granulocyte makes up 50%-70% of WBCs? | Neutrophils
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| Which cells are the first to enter the site of an acute infection? | Neutrophils
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| How long do neutrophils live in the circulating blood? | 12 hours
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| How long do neutrophils live in the tissues? | 1-2 days
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| Like macrophages, neutrophils attack pathogens by activating a __ __. | respiratory burst
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| Neutrophils are attracted to the site of an infection by __. | chemotaxins
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| Neutrophils are active in phagocytosis and in __ presentation. | antigen
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| Which granulocyte is involved in antiparasitic repsonses and allergic reactions? | eosinophils
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| Which granulcyte makes up 1%-3% of all WBCs? | eosinophils
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| Which is the rarest granulocyte? | basophils
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| Which granulocyte only makes up .4%-1% of WBCs? | basophils
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| Basophil counts may increase under what 4 conditions? | 1. Leukemia 2. allergy 3. chronic inflammation 4. radiation therapy
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| What WBC looks like a basophil but comes from a different cell line? | mast cell
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| Mast cells possess granules of __ and __. | histamine and heparine
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| In what 3 places can mast cells be found in the body? | 1. tissues 2. connective tissues 3. mucosal surfaces
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| What is the primary role of mast cells? | allergic and antiparasitic reactions
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| Mast cells have surface receptors for what kind of immunoglobulin? | IgE
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| What kind of WBC is known to be fixed or free-floating? | macrophages
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| Macrophages are only called macrophages in body __? | tissue
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| What are macrophages called in the circulating blood? | monocytes
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| What are macrophages called in the liver? | Kupfer cells
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| What are macrophages called in neural tissues? | microglial cells
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| In connective tissues, macrophages are called ? | histiocytes
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| In bone, macrophages are called ? | osteoclasts
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| In the kidneys, macrophages are known as ? | mesanglial cells
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| Macrophages are called __ __ or __ __ in the lungs. | alveolar macrophages or dust cells
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| In cases of heart disease, macrophages that are found in a plaque of atherosclerosis are called ? | foam cells
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| Which CD marker can be found on the surface of macrophages? | CD14+
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| Macrophages make up what percentage of WBCs? | 4%-6%
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| Macrophages are important in __ presentation. | antigen
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| How long can macrophages live? | several months
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| Name 3 things that can cause macrophages to increase in number. | 1. inflammation 2. infection 3. certain cancers
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| Dendritic cells are very active in __ and __ presentation. | phagocytosis and antigen presentation
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| Dendritic cells are found in __ concentration while in the body tissues. | low
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| In the blood stream, dendritic cells can be found in their __ state. | immature
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| In the body tissues, dendritic cells can be found in a __ state. | mature
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| Dendritic cells express which surface marker? | CD11c+
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| Unlike most lymphocytic cells, __ __ cells are not antigen specific. | natural killer
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| Natural Killer (NK) cells kill what kinds of cells? | tumor cells and virally infected cells
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| NK cells can respond to __ and __ infections. | bacterial and protozoan
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| Which CD markers are expressed in the surface of NK cells? | CD3-, CD56+, CD16+
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| NK cells look like big __. | monocytes
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| NK cells make __ __ with cells they need to kill off. | direct contact
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| NK cells secrete __ and __ that can kill other cells once they make direct contact. | perforins and granzymes
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| NK cells can also kill other cells through __. | antibody directed cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
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| NK cells have surface receptors for cytokine __. | cytokine IL-2
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| NK cells form, or turn into, __ cells. | LAK (Lymphokine Activated Killer) cells
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| Transforming into LAK cells makes NK cells more __ at killing a pathogen. | efficient
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| LAK cells are used in what kind of therapy? | cancer
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| What are the 3 classes of molecules found in the innate immune system? | 1. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) 2. those produced in response to infection 3. complement proteins
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| Name 3 kinds of molecules that are produced in response to infection. | 1. cytokines 2. antimicrobial peptides 3. acute phase reactants
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| Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize __ __ expressed in groups of microorganisms. | surface molecules
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| PRRs can be found on the __ of cells or in a molecule's __. | surface, solution
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| PRRs are involved in __ and __ release. | phagocytosis and cytokine release
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| When found in the molecule's solution, PRRs are called __ __ __. | acute phase reactants
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| Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) are PRRs that are involved in telling the immune system what to __. | kill or target
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| There are __ TLRs. | 12
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| Each TLR binds to a different ? | pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)
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| When TLRs bind to PAMPs, the process causes __, __ __ __, and __. | inflammation, immune cell proliferation, chemotaxis
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| Acute phase reactants bind to the __ __ of a microbe. | cell wall
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| Acute phase reactants increase the __ of the cell membrane to kill the pathogen. | permeability
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| Acute phase reactants are usually composed of less than __ amino acids. | 100
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| Acute phase reactants have 2 major families of antimicrobial peptides. What are they called? | defensins and cathelicidins
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| Denfensins and cathelicidins have similar functions but different __ __. | secondary structures
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| Acute phase reactants are produced by __ __ and __. | epithelial cells and phagocytes
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| Acute phase reactants provide protection for __ surfaces. | epithelial
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| Production of acute phase reactants can be stimulated by __. | cytokines
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| Acute phase reactants may cause __ associated with increased ESRs. | inflammation
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| C-reactive proteins, alpha-1 acid glycoproteins, haptoglobulin, fibrinogen, serum amyloid A and complement are all examples of ? | acute phase reactants
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| __ __ __ are sensitive indicators of inflammation and can be used as a measure of cardiovascular disease. | C-reactive proteins
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| C-reactive proteins react with __ of __. | C-polysaccaride of S. pneumonia
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| C-reactive proteins activate __. | complement
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| C-reactive proteins are __. | opsonins
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| C-reactive proteins enhance cellular __ effects on pathogens. | cytotoxic
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| Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein is elevated in some __ __. | autoimmune disorders
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| Alpha-1 acid glycoproteins are produced in the __. | liver
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| What is the primary function of alph-1 acid glycoproteins? | inhibition of progesterone and other drugs
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| Haptoglobin binds to free __ released by intravascular hemolysis. | hemoglobin
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| __ is an antioxidant. | Haptoglobin
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| Haptoglobin protects against what 2 things? | 1. kidney damage 2. iron loss
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| Serum Amyloid A is associated with what in the blood? | high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
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| Serum Amyloid A transports __ to the liver. | cholesterol
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| Serum Amyloid A repairs tissues damaged by __. | infection
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| Serum Amyloid A is involved in bringing cells to the site of an __. | infection
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| What are the 3 pathways of activation of the complement system? | 1. classical 2. alternative 3. lectin
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| The 3 pathways of complement system activation differ in formation of __ __. After this step, all 3 pathways are the same. | C3 convertase
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| The classical pathway of complement activation only works with an __ bound to an antigen. | antibody
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| B cells become __ cells during antigen presentation. | plasma
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| Plasma cells create __. | antibodies
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| Inflammation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis are all processes of the __ __ __. | innate immune system
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| Inflammation helps bring the immune response to the __. | infection
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| __ repairs damage and removes debris caused by an infection. | Inflammation
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| What are the 5 symptoms of inflammation? | Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
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| Inflammation leads to __ migrated to the site, followed by __. | neutrophils, macrophages
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| Inflammation leads to increased __ __ and capillary __ at the affected area. | blood supply and capillary permeability
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| Chemical __ start and stop inflammation. | mediators
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| __ __ bring cells to phagocitize invaders. | Chemotactic factors
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| Complement pathway product and cytokines are all __ __. | chemotactic factors
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| The process where in a leukocyte engulfs, digests, and kills a microbe is called ? | phagocytosis
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| Opsonins is a Greek word meaning what? | to prepare for food
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| WBCs attack to particles using __ that bind to __ and __. | PRRs, PAMPS, opsonins
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| Some pathogens can actually survive in __ cells and spread infection as they ride around. | phagocytic
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| The acquired (or adaptive) immune system has the following 4 characteristics: | 1. specific 2. large scope 3. discrimination between self and nonself 4. memory
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| __ are the primary WBCs of the acquired immune system. | Lymphocytes (T and B cells)
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| T and B cells makes up __% of circulating WBCs. | 20%
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| Lymphocytes (including T and B cells) are almost all __. | nucleus
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| Lymphocytes arise from __ __ __. | hematopoietic stem cells
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| Lymphocytes differentiate into T and B cells in __ __ organs. | primary lymphoid
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| T and B cells are named for their location of __. | maturation
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| T cells become mature in the __. | thymus
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| B cells become mature in the __ __. | bone marrow
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| Remember that the acquired immune system has two arms: what are they? | 1. humoral arm 2. cellular arm
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| The humoral arm of the acquired immune system uses B cells to offer __ __ immunity. | antibody mediated
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| The cellular arm of the acquired immune system offers __ __ __ immunity. | T cell mediated
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| __ __ make antibodies that help WBCs attach to antigens. | B cells
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| The molecule that allows B cells to recognize antigens is called a ? | surface immunoglobulin
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| The molecule that allows T cells to recognize antigens is called a ? | T cell receptor
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| Immunoglobulin molecules, gamma globulins, and antibodies are all the __. | same
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| Gamma globulins were given the name "gamma" because they move __ than albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, or beta globulins. | slower
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| Name the 5 types of antibody molecules. | IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE (MADGE)
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| In serum protein __, serum proteins separate into 5 proteins. | electrophoresis
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| B cells produce antibodies in response to the antigen that binds specifically to the __ __ on the B cells. | surface immunoglobulin
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| B cells express what surface markers? | CD19, CD20, CD21
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| T cells do not make __. | antibodies
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| T cells respond to antigens that are bound to their __ __ __. | T cells receptors
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| T cells are presented with an antigen by an __ __ cell. | antigen presenting
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| What is antigen presentation? | A cell of the innate immune system presents an antigen to the cells (lymphocytes) of the acquired immune system.
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| Eosinophil granules turn red under Wright staining because they are chemically __. | acidic
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| Basophil granules turn blue-black under Wright staining because they are chemically __. | basic
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| Which WBC is responsible for most of the effects of allergic reactions? | Mast cells
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| Which is more important in antigen presentation: neutrophils or macrophages? | macrophages
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| NK cells are __ and more __ than T or B cells. | larger and more granular
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| Perforins secreted by NK cells __ antigen cells, causing leakage and lysis. | perforate
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| If the innate immune system is non-specific, why doesn't it (normally) attack cells that belong in the body? | It recognizes PAMPs (surface molecules) on infectious microbes
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| The cellular arm of the acquired immune system responds to antigens bound to the cell's __ __ __. | T cell receptor
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| Aside from T cell receptors, what is required for a cell of the acquired immune system to respond to an antigen? | Cytokines and other molecules
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| What antigens play a role in the rejection or acceptance of tissue grafts? | Major Histocompatibility Complex (compatability = rejection or acceptance) (Histo = grafts)
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| Major Histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) are genetically __ molecules. | inherited
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| MHCs are important in __ __ and the immune response. | antigen presentation
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| Name 3 cells that play a part in the cellular arm of the acquired immune system. | 1. Helper T cells 2. T Cytotoxic cells 3. Regulatory cells
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| What cell produces cytokines that can upregulate the acquired immune response? | Helper T cells
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| What cell produces direct cytotoxicity of cells bearing an antigen? | T cytotoxic cells
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| What cell produces cytokines that downregulate the acquired immune response? | Regulatory T cells
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| T helper cells respond to specific antigens that are bound to their __. | TCR (T cell receptors)
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| T helper cells respond not only to antigens bound to their TCRs, but to the __ __ __ molecule of the antigen presenting cell. | MHC class II
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| T cytotoxic cells respond to a specific antigen bound to their TCR AND to the __ __ __ molecule of the antigen presenting cell. | MHC class I
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| T regulatory cells bind to their specific antigen (only one) through their __. | TCR (T cell receptors)
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| T regulatory cells bind to their specific antigen through their TCR in MHC class __ molecules and sometimes to MHC class __ molecules of the antigen presenting cell. | MHC class II and sometimes MHC class I
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| What surface markers do T cell receptors express? | CD3+
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| T helper cells express __ surface markers. | CD4+
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| T cytotoxic cells express __ surface markers. | CD8+
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| T regulatory cells usually express what kind of surface marker? | CD4+
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| Some T regulatory cells express __ surface markers instead of CD4+. | CD8+
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| The primary surface marker that identifies T regulatory surface markers is called what? | FoxP3+
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| There are 2 classes of lymphoid organs. What are they? | Primary and secondary
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| Primary lymphoid organs are where lymphocytes mature into __, __, and __ cells. | T Cells, B cells, and NK cells
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| Secondary lymphoid organs are where lymphocytes __ __. | meet antigens
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| Lymphocytes are differentiated in the __ lymphoid organs. | primary
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| Lymphocytes are still generated, in their immature forms, in the __ __. | bone marrow
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| The __ and the __ __ constitute the primary lymphoid tissues involved in the production and early selection of lymphocytes. | thymus and bone marrow
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| The thymus makes __ cells and the bone marrow makes __ cells. | T cells, B cells
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| The bone marrow contains __ stem cells that can become any cell type. | hematopoietic
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| What 5 types of cells are contained in the bone marrow? | 1. HSCs 2. Macrophages 3. Stromal cells 4. Connective tissue 5. Adipocytes
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| The thymus is a __-lobed organ below the __ and over the __. | bi-lobed, thyroid, heart
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| The thymus is about __ grams at birth and grows to __ grams at puberty. | 22 grams, 35 grams
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| After puberty, the thyroid __ in size. | decreases
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| When measured relative to the size of the body, the thymus is __ at birth. | largest
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| Lymphoid progenitor cells enter the thymus from the bone marrow at the __. | cortex
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| Developing T-cells in the bone marrow are referred to as __ and are of hematopoietic origin. | thymocytes
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| Thymic stromal cells include thymic __ __ cells, __ __ __ cells, and __ cells. | cortical epithelial cells, thymic medullary epithelial cells, dendritic cells
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| Cells in the thymus can be divided into __ __ __ and cells of __ origin. | thymic stromal cells, hematopoietic
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| Thymic __ __ between the thymic cortex and medulla help thymocytes mature. | nurse cells
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| Secondary lymphoid organs maintain mature lymphocytes and initiate an __ __ __. | acquired immune response
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| Lymphocytes meet trapped __ in the secondary lymphoid organs. | pathogens
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| Lymphocytes respond to only __ antigen and proliferate if it is present. | one
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| Antigens are brought to the lymph nodes by __ cells. | phagocytic
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| Lymphocytes circulate through lymphatic __ and __ lymphatic organs. | vessels, secondary
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| After meeting an antigen in a secondary lymphatic organs, what kind of cells will proliferate? | B and T cells
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| B cells make __. | antibodies
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| T cells make __ or __ responses. | cytotoxic (CD8) or helper (CD4)
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| B and T cells mature by __ __. | somatic mutation
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| What are the secondary lymphoid organs? | 1. lymph nodes 2. spleen 3. tonsils 4. mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) 5. Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
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| Lymph nodes are located where __ vessels meet. | lymphatic
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| Lymph nodes __ in size when lymphocytes proliferate in reaction to their antigens. | increase
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| The spleen __ antigens from the blood stream. | captures
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| Circulating lymphocytes can __ antigens in the spleen. | meet
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| The spleen __ aging red blood cells. | removes
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| The spleen can be found on the upper __ side behind the stomach. | left
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| In what secondary lymphatic organ does the inside of the body meet the outside world? | Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
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| Aside from MALT, what other __-associated lymphoid tissues exist? | Respiratory-associated lymphoid tissue (RALT), Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), Urogenital-associated lymphoid tissue, skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
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| __ __ uses fluorescently labeled antibodies to find CD markers. | flow cytometry
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| Flow cytometry can detect the presence of what 5 things? | 1. leukemia 2. lymphoma 3. myeloma 4. HIV 5. other immunodeficiency diseases
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| PAMPS are only found on __, not on cells in the body. | pathogens
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| While WBCs working for the innate immune system recognize pathogens by their antigen epitopes, WBCs working for the innate immune system recognize pathogen __. | PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern)
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| Innate WBCs can recognize pathogens with PAMPs using special receptors called __. | PRRs (Pathogen Recognition Receptors)
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| PRRs trigger both __ and __ responses. | immune and inflammatory
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| Antibodies are key to helping us fight __ and to many diagnostic tests. | infection
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| Testing for antibodies can help us find the specific __ that may be causing a patient's disease. | antigen
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| What is serology? | The study of the reaction and properties of the serum components of the blood.
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| Serology deals mostly with antibody and antigen reactions __ __. | in vitro (outside of the body)
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| Your A/G ration is your ration of __ to __. | albumin to gamma
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| What does Fc stand for? | Fragment crystallizable
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| What does Fab stand for? | Fragment antigen binding
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| The enzyme papain can be used to cleave an __ __ into two Fab fragments and an Fc fragment. | immunoglobulin monomer
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| The enzyme pepsin cleaves below the hinge region of an __, so a F(ab')2 fragment and a pFc' fragment is formed. | immunoglobulin, antibody, or gammaglobulin
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| The __ is the part of the pathogen or antigen that the immunoglobulin binds to. | epitope
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| The __ region of an antibody molecule binds to the epitope of an antigen. | variable
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| The __ is the part of the antibody's variable region that fits onto an antigen's epitope like a key fits into a lock. | paratope
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| Which part of the antibody gives it the designation of IgM, IgA, etc.? | constant region
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| The antibody's constant region can be found on the __ chain. | heavy
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| What binds the heavy and light chains of an antibody together? | disulfide bond
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| Don't forget that antibodies, immunoglobulins, and gammaglobulins are all the __. | same
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| Papain cuts __ the disulfide bond on the constant region of an antibody. | above
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| Pepsin cuts __ the disulfide bond on the constant region of an antibody. This keeps the variable regions together. | below
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| The variable area on the immunoglobulin that binds the epitope to the antigen is called ? | paratope
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| How strong is the noncovalent bond between the antibody paratope and the antigen's epitope? | very weak
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| What do you call the "sum of the attractive interaction between [a] paratope and the epitop"e? | Binding affinity
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| What do you call the "sum of the binding of all the paratopes and epitopes" between the antibody and the antigen? | Binding avidity
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| Affinity describes the strength of a __ bond, whereas avidity describes the total strength of __ the bonds possible between an antibody and an epitope. | single, all
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| How many domains does the constant region of an antibody have? | 3 or 4
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| What are the 5 basic immunoglobulin molecules? | IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
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| What are some simple mnemonics to help you remember the 5 basic immunoglobulin molecules? | MADGE, GAMED
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| Which of the 5 antibodies provides the majority of antibody-based immunity? | IgG
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| Which of the 5 antibodies is transferred from mother to baby? | IgG (IgG crosses the placenta during Gestation)
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| Which of the 5 antibodies looks like 2 IgG's stuck back to back? | IgA
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| Which of the 5 antibodies looks like 5 IgG's stuck together in a ring? | IgM
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| Which is the first antibody produced? | IgM
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| Which antibody is B cell maturation marker? | IgD
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| What other antibody can be coexpressed by a B cell besides an IgD? | IgM
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| What is IgD's function in B cells? | It activates B cells
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| Which is the largest antibody? | IgM
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| Which antibody functions in antiparasitic and allergic responses? | IgE
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| Which antibody is expressed by mast cells and basophils? | IgE
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| Which antibody has low affinity (a weak bond per paratope) but high avidity (a strong overall bond) due to is many paratopes? | IgM
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| 80% of the immunoglobulins in blood serum is ? | IgG
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| Which is the smallest of the 5 antibodies? (HINT: It's so small it can cross the placenta in utero.) | IgG
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| Which antibody might transfer from mother to baby in breast milk? | IgA
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| How many subclasses of IgG are there? | 4
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| Which immunoglobulin has the 2nd highest serum concentration? | IgA
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| Which antibody: opsonizes, activates complement, neutralizes toxins and viruses, enhances clearance, and has a long half life (it can last 10 years)? | IgG
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| Which antibody is the mothers and which is the baby's? | IgG=mom's IgM=baby
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| IgA has little function in the serum, where it has a __ shape. | monomer
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| Where in the body is IgA produced more than any other antibody? | mucosal linings
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| How many subclasses of IgA are there? | 2
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| While IgA is a monomer is blood serum, it is a __ in secretions. | dimer
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| Which antibody is in your mucus? | IgA
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| IgA does not bind __. | complement
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| What percentage of the antibodies in blood serum are IgM? | 5-10%
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| IgM is a __ shaped antibody. | pentamer (it's the biggest)
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| Which antibody is called a macroglobulin? | IgM
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| Which antibody is best at agglutination, precipitation, and fixing complement by the classical pathway? | IgM
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| IgM neutralizes __ and __. | toxins and viruses
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| Which antibody is the first produced in response to an antigen? | IgM
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| Which antibody is the first produced in a newborn? | IgM
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| What is the half-life of an IgM antibody? | 10 days
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| If IgM antibodies against an antigen are high, but the patient has no IgG antibodies against the same antigen, what does this tell you? | This is the patient's first encounter with that pathogen
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| If a patient's IgG antibodies against an antigen are high, but their IgM antibodies are low, what does this tell you? | This is not the patient's first encounter with that pathogen
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| Some pathogens don't produce a humoral (B cell) response, but do product a __ __ response. | cell mediated (T cell)
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| IgM can be used to identify what kind of cell? | B cells
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| IgM tells __ cells to proliferate and to differentiate. | B cells
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| IgD antibodies make up __% of serum immunoglobulins. | .2%
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| IgM appears on the surface of B cells first. Which antibody is next? | IgD
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| IgD helps B cells respond to signals from ? | T cells
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| IgD does not bind __. | complement
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| IgD is not transferred from mother to fetus via the placenta and is not __. | opsonic
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| Which antibody has the lowest concentration in the body? | IgE
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| Mast cells will attach to __. | IgE
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| IgE can be used to test for a high __ response. | allergic
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| When IgE binds to an epitope, it causes mast cell __. | degranulation
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| IgE plays a protective role against things that have penetrated our __ membranes. | mucosa
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| IgE triggers an __ response, while also bringing eos and neutrophils to the area. | inflammatory
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| IgE calls cells to the site of a __ infection, but cannot help destroy the invader. | parasitic
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| What theory proposes how the huge and diverse immunoglobulin repetoire could exist? | Clonal selection theory
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| Monoclonal antibodies are produced by a clone of cells called __ __. | hybridoma cells
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| Myeloma cells have a __ in one of the pathways used to make DNA. | defect
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|
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