Production of x-rays, Interactions with Matter
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| Define projectile electron. | Electrons emitted by the filament and directed to the target.
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| Define binding energy. | Energy that attracts electrons to the nucleus of an atom.
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| Define X-ray quantity. | X-ray intensity, measured in milliroentgens.
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| Define emission spectrum. | Measure of x-ray energy of all x-rays.
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| What 4 conditions are required for the production of x-rays in a hot cathode tube? | FOCUSING and SEPARATION of electrons; PRODUCTION and STOPPING of high-speed electrons
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| Bremsstrahlung radiation constitutes about ___% of x-rays when 80 - 100 kv is applied to the tube. | 90
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| Characteristic radiation is about ___% when 80 - 100 kv is applied to the tube. | 10
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| The useful energy range in conventional radiography is about __ to __ kVp. | 25 to 120
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| X-rays travel at about ____ or 186,000 m/s in a vacuum. | 3 x 10 to the eighth
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| Define roentgen. | Amount of charge released per unit mass of air.
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| Define mA. | Milliamperage or tube current.
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| Define x-ray quality. | The ability of an x-ray beam to penetrate matter.
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| Under what circumstances does Bremsstrahlung radiation occur? | When the incident electron interacts with the FORCEFIELD of the NUCLEUS.
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| Define photon. | Quantum of electromagnetic energy, regarded as a discrete particle having zero mass, no electric charge, and an indefinitely long lifetime.
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| Approximately __% of projectile electron kinetic energy is used for the production of x-radiation. | 1%
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| Approximately __% of the kinetic energy of projectile electrons is converted to heat. | 99%
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| Except for K x-rays, all characteristic x-rays have ____ _____ energy | Very Low
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| What 4 factors can alter the output of an x-ray beam? | Distance, Filtration, Tube Current and Potential
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| What are the other names for Coherent scattering? | Classical, Rayleigh, Unmodified, Thomson, Elastic
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| Coherent scattering occurs at what energy level? | Below approximately 10 keV
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| Most coherent x-rays are scattered in which direction? | Forward direction
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| Which interactions do not occur in diagnostic radiology? | Photodisintegration and pair production
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| Which interaction is of little interest to diagnostic radiography? | Coherent scattering
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| Which interactions are of particular importance to diagnostic radiology? | Compton and Photoelectric effect
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| Low-energy x-rays tend to interact with? | Whole atoms
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| Moderate-energy x-rays tend to interact with? | Electrons
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| High-energy x-rays tend to interact with? | Nuclei
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| Which interaction causes the most serious radiation hazard in radiography? | Compton interaction
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| Compton interaction x-rays are deflected how? | In any direction, including 180 degrees from the incident x-ray.
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| With which interaction is the x-ray totally absorbed? | Photoelectric effect
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| What is attenuation? | The product of absorption and scattering.
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| Mostly all of kinetic energy of incident electrons is converted to what? | Heat
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| The transition of orbital electrons from outer to inner shells gives rise to what? | Characteristic radiation
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| At the end of a characteristic cascade, which shell will miss an electron? | Outermost
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| The main difference between an x-ray and a gamma ray is what? | Origin
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| The energy of a Brems photon can be described as? | The difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron
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| T/F: Characteristic radiation cannot be produced at tube potentials less than 70 keV. | True
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| T/F: X-rays have the shortest wavelength among electromagnetic waves. | True
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| T/F: Negatively charged is a property of x-rays. | False
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| What type of wavelength describes the diagnostic x-ray beam? | Heterogeneous
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| T/F: The creation of a characteristic photon in the diagnostic range is always the result of a K-shell electron ejection. | True
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| T/F: The creation of a characteristic photon is always the result of a K-shell electron ejection. | True
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| T/F: In the diagnostic range, the kinetic energy of the incident electrons is high enough to eject an outer-shell electron causing ionization. | True
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| T/F: The electron ejected during a characteristic interaction is aka an x-ray photon. | True
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| During characteristic interaction, the energy of the incident electron must be ____ the electron it knocks from its orbit. | Greater than that of
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| As the WAVELENGTH of an x-ray DECREASES, what happens to its FREQUENCY? | INCREASES
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| The FREQUENCY of a WAVELENGTH can be defined as the? | Number of CYCLES per second
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| Which interaction has the greatest effect on radiographic contrast? | Photoelectric effect
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| What determines the wavelength of an x-ray? | Kilovoltage
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| X-rays that are produced in the radiographic tube are called? | Primary radiation
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| In the normal diagnostic range, which interaction occurs most often? | Photoelectric effect
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| What term is used to describe the x-ray beam's reduction in intensity as it tranverses an object? | Attenuation
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| The angstrom unit is used to measure what? | Wavelength
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| What type of radiation is produced after a Compton interaction? | Characteristic
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| What are other names for Compton? | Incoherent, Inelastic, Modified Scattering
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| X-ray and gamma rays have this in common. | Speed
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| The principal difference between an x-ray photon and a gamma ray is their ____. | Origin
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| The transition of orbital electrons from outer to inner shells give rise to ___. | Characteristic radiation
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| ___ rays have the shortest wavelength of electromagnet radiations. | X-rays
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| The energy of a bremsstrahlung photon is: | The difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron
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| The quality of an x-ray beam refers to what? | Energy of x-rays
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| The energy of a characteristic photon is: | The difference between the binding energy of the outer and inner shells between which the electron dropped.
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| Bremsstrahlung interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with: | The force field of the nucleus
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| Bremsstrahlung photons possess energy that is exactly the _____________________. | Difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron.
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| Characteristic interactions may occur only when ______________________________. | The incident electron interacts with an inner-shell electron.
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| Characteristic photons possess energy that is exactly ____________________________. | The difference between the binding energy of the outer/inner shells between which the electron dropped.
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| The __________ of an x-ray beam refers to its penetrating ability. | Quality
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| The energy of characteristic and gamma x-rays is ______________. | Monoenergetic
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| When the atomic number of an element goes up, _______ energy will be required to remove a K-shell electron from the atom. | More
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| The further an electron is from the nucleus, the _______ the total energy of the electron will be. | Higher
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| With each successive electron shell, total electron energies ________ and binding energies __________. | Increase, decrease
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| Characteristic photons are also known as ______________ radiation. | Secondary
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| In photoelectric interaction, the incident x-ray photon energy must be ___________ than the binding energy of the inner-shell electron. | Greater
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| A photoelectric interaction is more likely to occur when the x-ray photon energy and the electron binding energy are _________________. | Nearer to one another.
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| A photoelectric interaction is more likely to occur with an electron which is ______________. | more tightly bound in its orbit.
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| What is Coherent scatter? | Interaction occurring between very low energy x-ray photons and matter.
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| What are the two types of coherent scatter? | Thomson and Rayleigh
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| What is the difference between the two types of coherent scatter? | Thomson involves 1 electron in the interaction; Rayleigh involves all of the atom's electrons in the interaction.
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| In coherent scattering, a scattered photon possessing ________ energy, frequency and wavelength as the initial photon but which is traveling in a different direction. | Same
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| When does Compton scattering occur? | When an incident x-ray photon interacts with a loosely bound outer-shell electron, removes the electron from its shell, then goes in a different direction.
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| The dislodged electron is called a _________ or _________ electron. | Compton, recoil
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| The photon which exits the atom in a different direction is called a _________________ photon. | Compton scattered
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| As kVp increase, the total number of photons which are transmitted without interaction _________. | Increases
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| The percentage of photoelectric interaction __________ with increased kVP and the percentage of Compton interactions __________ with increased kVp. | Decreases, increases
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