Housing
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| Give % households in central cities, suburbs, & rural areas | 31% central cities; 31% suburbs; 38 % rural areas
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| How many are homeowners & how many renters? | 66% homeowners; 34% renters
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| What is the relation of housing size to household size? | homes have inc on an ave of 50% since 1970, ave household size has shrunk by one person
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| How many homes are manufactured annually? | 33%
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| how many homeless per day in America? | est at 600,000, 51% single men & 17% single women
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| What are the stats of homeless people? | homeless families 39%; length of time in shelter is increasing
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| What is the % of homeless population that has mental illness? | 1%`
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| How many urban homeless are employed? | between 13%-25%
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| What is homelessness a function of? | poverty, unemployment, lack of affordable housing, domestic violence, lack of physical 7 mental health care, & substance abuse
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| How many families live in poverty? | in 2011 15% 46.2 mil people
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| What happened between 2010 and 2011 to those in poverty? | the only group that increased was naturalized citizens;decreased for hispanics, males, foreign-born, non-citizens, people living in the south, & people living in msa outside principle area
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| What was the poverty rate for age groups? | under 18 yrs old 21.9%; 18-64 yrs old 13.7%; 65 yrs & older 8.7%
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| How many fed gov't subsidized construction homes for low-income were built between 1975 & 1985? | 2 mil units
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| New York City (NYC) Tenemant House Law | 1879 required tenement bldgs to provide only a narrow airshaft between afjacent structures & only two toilets on each floor
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| What were tenemant housing (dumbell) known for? | poor living conditions imposed by residents (lack of light, air, & space) & were called dumbell tenements b/c of shape
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| Jane Addams | Founded Hull House, settlement house, Chicago 1889; response to problems created by urbanization & attracted educated middle-class poeple to live in poor urban neighborhoods to provide social & educational services
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| Jacob Riis | Photojournalist provided a stimulus to housing reform w/ the publication of 2 books: "How the Other Half Lives" (1890) & "Children of the Poor" (1892)
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| Tenement House Law | 1901 called for improved lighting & ventilation & toilets & running water in each unti; outlawed dumbbell design & allowed only 70% lot coverage
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| Lawrence Veiller | 1872-1959 helped draft 1901 Tenement House Law; housinf reformer in NYC who wrote "Housing Reform" in 1910
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| Mary Simkhovitch | 1867-1951 social worker & housing reformer who was active in the settlement of movement in NYC; founded settlement house Greenwich House in Greenwich Village, NYC in 1902
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| First National Conference City Planning | 1909 Washington DC; brought together nation's leading housing reformers & city planners
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| Catherine Bauer Wurster | Public housing advocate & authored "Modern Housing" 1934`
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| Quasi-governmental organizations | Ginnie Mae 1934 doesn't buy or sell loans but guarntees investors timely payment of principal & int loans; Fannie Mae 1938 today they purchase convential mortgages as well as FHA loans; Freddie Mac 1970 keep $ flowing to mortgage lenders in support
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| How many loans do Fannie Mae & Freddie Mac hold? | 80-90% of mrotgages in the US
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| What is the primary purpose of Fannie Mae & Freddie Mac? | provide mortgage credit to homebuyers, particularly middle income & first-time buyers
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| Gautreaux program | 1976 Chicago-allowed public housing residents & poeple on public housing waiting lists to use Section 8 vouchers to rent housing in Chicago suburbs, rather then only in central city
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| What hypothesis was tested by the Gatraux program? | greater housing choice results in greater economic & educational opportunities
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| What were the results of the Gautreaux program? | incdicated that residence in suburban areas did increase educational & economic opportuniteis for Gautreauc participants
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| Affordability standard | no more than 30% of one's income should go toward monthly housing cost; more than 25% of renters are below poverty & some pay as much as 50% to 70% of annual income for housing
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| Housing Affordability Index | measure of the financial ability of a family to buy a house
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| Who publishes the Housing Affordability Index? | National Association of Realtors
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| What does an housing index of 100 mean? | a family earning the national median income has just enough $ to qualify for a mortgage on a median-priced home
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| What does it mean if the housing index is less than 100? | family earning national median income will not qualify to buy the median-priced home, which is normally the case during inflation & higher than normal interest rates
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| What does it mean if the housing index is greater than 100? | family earning the national median income has more than enough to buy the median-priced home
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| Analysis of Housing Demand | includes a study of household trends such as trends in household size & aging of the population; might include studies of employment & income trends & commuting patterns
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| Analysis of Housing Need | might include study of affordability index; assess housing conditions and trends and identify key issues
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| Analysis of Housing Supply | might include an analysis of home ownership & rental patterns, purchase cost & rental cost; analyze current supply of housing and future supply of housing based on development expectations
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| Legal Cases dealing with Housing | Village of Belle Terre vs Borass 1974
Southern Burlington NAACP vs Township of Mount Laurel 1975, 1983
Moore vs City of East Cleveland 1977
Village of Arlington Hghts vs Metropolitan Housing Dvlpt Corp 1977
City of Cleburne vs Cleburne Living Ctr 1985
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| Federal Home Loan Bank system created | 1932 12 reginoal banls were established under this system
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| What was created by the Federal Home Loan Bank system? | Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) to refinance mortgages of economically distressed homeowners & assist struggling home finance institutions
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| What was used by HOLC that was discrimanotory & illegal? | redlining was used to prohibit granting mortgages in specific regions; expired 1954
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| National Housing Act | 1934 Est Federal Saving & Loan Insurance Corp (FSLIC) to ensure savings deposits
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| What was created to insure private mortgages under the National Housing Act? | Federal Housing Administration-encouraged banls & bldg & loan assoc. to make loans for homes & small business establishments
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| What had to occur before FHA would underwrite mortgage insurance? | had to meet certain land use guidelines
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| What reulted from the land use guidelines established by FHA? | separating land uses and creating subdivision codes favoring detached over attached housing, & favoring lower-density over higher-density housing
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| Wagnor-Steagall Housing Act | 1937 created US Housing Authority (USHA) which became Public Housing Administration (PHA) 1947
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| Who was funded by Wagnor-Steagull Housing Act? | Empowered and funded Local Housing Authorities (LHA) to determine local housing needs, construct, & operate public housing projects as well as engage in slum clearance; tied slum clearance to public housing projects
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| Housing and Home Finance Agency created | 1947 predecessor to Housing and Urban Development (HUD); all federal housinf programs were consolidated under this agency
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| Housing Act | 1949 also called Wagner-Ellender-Taft bill; 1st Comprehensive housing bill; about 800,000 new units were constructed under its provision
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| What did Housing Act 1949 focus on? | slum clearance, urban renewal, & new housing construction
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| Urban Renewal | 1949-1973 initiated under Housing Act 1949, emphasized physical redevelopment of existing communities; largest federal urban program in US history
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| Who administered Urban Renewal? | administered first by the Housing and Home Finance Agency (HHFA) & then by HUD
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| What were the goals of urban renewal program? | eliminate substandard hosuing, revitalize urban economics, construct high quality, low-cost housing, & reduce residential segregation
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| How did urban renewal use eminent domain? | to assemble, clear, & rebuild sites, which were sold or leased to private developers at below market value
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| What occurred during urban renewal? | razed entier neighborhoods and displaced low-income residents, often w/o compensation or housing replacement
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| What is Housing Act 1954? | expanded urban renewal program, consolidate previous piecemeal housing studies & instituted comprehensive hosuing & community redevelopment planning
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| What was included in Section 701? | funding for comprehensive planning for communities of less than 25,000 people; contributed substantially to the establishment of planning dept.
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| Housing Act 1959 | made federal funds available for comprehensive planning at the metropolitan, regional, & state level
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| Housing Act 1964 | Section 312 included federal funding for home rehabilitation loans & provided hosuing assistance for moderate-income households
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| Housing and Urban Development Act | 1965 created HUD as cabinet level agency
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| Who was first secretary of HUD? | Robert Weaver first African-American cabinet member
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| What was established by HUD? | rent subsidy programs for individuals & families living below the poverty lin, granted home loans at 3% interest for low & moderate-income families, & provided subsidies for public housing projects
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| Civil Rights Act | 1968 AKA Fair Housing Act- 1st Federal Law prohibiting housing discrimiantion
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| What is Title VIII? | prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental, & financing of dwellings, and in other hosuing-related transactions nased on race, national origin, religion, sex, & familial status
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| Who filed a civil suit of fed court or filed a compliant w/ HUD under Title VIII? | individuals who believed they were victims of housing discrimination
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| How was the enforcement of Title VIII? | chronically underfunded and rarely pursued
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| Housing & Urban Development Act | 1968 Enacted New Communities Act which provided funding for private development for new towns
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| How many homes were funded under the Housing & Urban Development Act? | 6 million subsidized housing units
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| What was required under the Housing & Urban Development Act? | local governments receiving federal funds to develop housing plans & coordinate affirmative action housing program
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| HUD Act | 1970 Created Community Development Corporation (CDC) to emphasize economic and community development in central cities & low-income areas; provided funding for housing & rent for moderate-income households
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| Section 8 Housing | 1974 purpose is to help low-income renters secure adequate housing
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| How do recipients of Section 8 funding benefit? | only 30% of their income goes towards housing & fed gov't pays the diff.
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| What is the main source of housing assistance to low-income families? | Section 8
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| Housing & Community Development Act | 1974 Instituted Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)
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| CDBG | consolidated Urban Renewal, Model Cities, & Public Facilities programs administered by HUD
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| What are CDBG funds used for? | neighborhood physical improvements, social services, & economic & community development
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| What was the impact of Housing & Community Development Act? | to reduce the federal role in local decision making by allowing local government more discretion over how they spend their federal funds
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| When is a Housing Assistance Plan (HAP) required? | all projects using CDBG funds
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| What is a HAP? | spells out community housing needs & lay out plans for implementing local housing policies
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| What is affected by Congressional decisions regarding appropriations to HUD? | development of affordable housing; ex of planning at the national level
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| Emergency Housing Act | 1975 provided emergency federal relief for underemployed & unemployed homwowners
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| What was did the Emergency Housing Act authorize HUD to do? | provide short-term assistance to help defray mortgage payments for persons temporarily unemployed or underemployed as the result of poor economic conditions
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| Low Income Housing Tax Credit | (LIHTC) 1986 -created by Tax Reform Act of 1986 as an alternate method of funding housing for low- and moderate-income households, and has been in operation since 1987
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| What did the low income housing tax credit enable nonprofit housing organiztions to do? | raise housing construction funds by selling tax credits to investors and corporations
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| What does the low income hosuign tax credit (LIHTC) fund? | low-income housing construction and redevelopment (one of nation's strongest programs doing this)
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| What was a result of the low income housing tax credit? | emergence of institutional investors for affordable housing construction; is the Republican alternative to HUD supplying construction money
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| How are the tax credits determined? | development costs & used by the owner
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| What do the tax credits have to be used for? | new construction, rehabilitation, or acquisition & rehabilitation, & projects must meet set requirements
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| What requirements must be met for the tax credits to be offered? | either 30% or more residential units are both rent restricted & occupied by ind w/ income 50% or less of area median gross income OR 40% or more of res. units in proj are both rent restricted & occupied by ind w/ income 60% or less of area median income
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| Stewart B. McKinney Act | 1987 First major legislative response to homelessness & established broadly defined federal definition of homelessness & established continuum of care concept
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| Who was provided assistance by the Stewart B. McKinney Act? | homeless people w/ an emphasis on the elderly, disabled, & families w/ children
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| Fair Housing Amendments | 1988 expanded scope of fair housing provisions to cover community residences, group hoems, and halfway houses
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| What was expanded by the fair housing amendments? | scope of fair housing provisions to prohibit housing discrimination on the basis of age and disability
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| What did the Fair Housing Amendments enable HUD to do? | file housing discrimination complaints rather than refer them to the Deptartment of Justice
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| Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act | (NAHA) 1990 established Home Ownership Made Easy (HOME)Program which provided matching federal funds to lcoal governemtn expenditures for low-income housing needs
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| What was requried of jurisdictions applying for HOME or CDBG funds under the NAHA (National Affordable Housing Act)? | they must prepare a plan, the Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS)
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| Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight | 1992 established with HUD to provide regulatory oversight for Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac
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| HOPE VI program | 1992 established by Congress to replace many large-scale, low-quality public housing projects with smaller, low-rise, higher-quality, mixed-income buildings
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| How did the HOPE VI program work? | provided hosuing vouchers to some public housing residents to rent apartments in the private market
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| What was the main goal of the HOPE VI program? | decrease the concentration of very low-income families & reduce de facto segregation
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| Housing and Community Development Act | 1992 Sec 202 established a program to help expand the supply of affordable housing with supportive services for the elderly
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| What is provided by Section 202 housing? | provides bery low-income elderly w/options that allow them to live independently but in an environemnt thatprovides support activities such as cleaning, cooking, and transportation
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| HUD Multifamily Housing Disposition Rule | 1994 disposed of apt buildgins that were in gov't possession due to foreclosure
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| Housing Opportunity Extension Act | 1996 enacted to evixt individuals w/ drug or alcohol abuse or criminal records from public housing
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| What was designated in public housing projects under the Housing Opportunity Extension Act? | some projects or a # of public housing units w/i a project are designated for elderly or disabled individuals and families
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| What types of programs were funded under the Housing Opportunity Extension Act? | Habitat for Humanity & other national & regional nonprofit housing developers & providers in order to expand homeownership opportunities for low- to moderate-income persons
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| Manufactured Housing Improvement Act | 2000 est. installation & bldg std. for manufctr. homes & req. st. to implement dispute resolution program for the purpose of resolving disputes between manufacturers, installers, & retailers as to the responsibility for the corection or repair of defects
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| Housing Affordability | gap between median income levels & median housing prices; in 2002, by state, median incomes ranged from 30,072 to 55912 & median hosing prices ranged from 78200 to 316600
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| Inclusionary zoning | used to provide affordable housing opportun ities to low-income & moderate-income residents
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| What does an inclusionary zoning ordinance require? | may requrie inclusion of variety of hosuing types, including multifamily units
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| What is the leading case involving inclusionary zoning? | Mount LAurel which requried jurisdictions in New Jersey to provide their fair share of affordable housing
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| Fee-in-lieu | when developers make payments (usually to lcoal gov't or hosuing trust fund) in lieu of providing affordable housing as part of their development projects
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| When can fee-in-lieu be used? | in many communities only if they can show some from of hardship, such as the economic infeasiblity of bldg affordable units on the development site
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| Impact fee (for funding affordable housing) | hosuign impact fee(or linkage fee) is sometimes assessed on new commercial or industrial development
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| What is the rationale behind the impact fee for housing? | additional jobs created by the enw commercial or industrial development create a need for additional housing
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| What is the impact fee used for? | to build affordable units
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| Group Homes | semi-permanent or pemanent homes of between 2 & 20 people living together for a special purpose, such as disability or addiction recovery; group hoems provide supervision & supportive services; approval is frequently controversial
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| Halfway House | temporary hosuing situation for purposes of social & physical readjustment; often for post-addiction recovery or prison parolees
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| Continuum of care | current federal policy model adressing homelessness that oeprates from the premise that the majority of homeless people can be moved into housing
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| Who has to beinvolveds for continuum of care to work for homeless people? | # of diff gov't agencies & nonprofits working together to house people & provide services that will help them to continue to be housed
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| What else can continuum of care mean? | cycle of aging-people may move from living independently to a congregate care facility, to an assisted living facility, to a skilled nursing facility & possibly to hospice care
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| Accessory Dwelling Units | housing attached to or constructed adjacent to a single-family home; mother-in-law quarters or second units are a type of accessory dwelling unit tyipcally used to house seniors, usually elderly relatives
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| Adaptive reuse | creative use, rather than demolition, of an existing building; may require changes to local zoning regulations to allow for the reuse; ex: reusing vacant commercial bldg for housing
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