Chemistry Ch1: Chemistry and Measurement
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| Chemistry is defined as the science of... | The composition, structure, and changes undergone by materials
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| Any kind of matter, whether a solid, liquid, gas, mixture, pure substance, etc, is referred to as... | material
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| The observation of natural phenomena must be controlled so that these two things are possible... | 1) results can be duplicated 2) rational conclusions can be made
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| This explanation of a regularity in nature is tentative | Hypothesis
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| This explanation of a regularity in nature is concise and mathematical | Law
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| This explanation of a regularity in nature has been tested | theory
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| Is the scientific method a general process or a specific program? | General process
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| This value refers to the quantity of matter in a material | mass
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| all materials are made up of this. | Matter
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| Lavoisier's law of conservation of mass states that during a chemical change... | the total mass remains constant. ie, mass cannot be created or destroyed.
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| What is the difference between mass and weight? | Weight includes the force of gravity and therefore changes based on the amount of gravity applied. Mass is the same wherever the object is measured.
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| What are the two different principal ways to classify matter? | By physical state (solid/liquid/gas) or by chemical constitution (element/compound/mixture)
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| Rigidity is the main identifying characteristic of what phase(s) of matter? | Solids
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| Which phas(es) of matter can be described as fluid? | Liquids and gasses
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| Compressibility and expansibility are the main identifying characteristics of what phase(s) of matter? | Liquids
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| Phase(s) of matter that is relatively incompressible with fixed shape and volume | Solid
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| Phase(s) of matter that is relatively incompressible with fixed volume but no fixed shape | Liquid
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| Phase(s) of matter that is relatively compressible without fixed size or shape | Gas
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| matter that normally exists as a liquid or a solid but is in gaseous state is often called... | vapor
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| What are the three common states of matter? | Solid, Liquid, Gas
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| When a material changes form but not chemical identity, this is what kind of change? | Physical change
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| When a material has a transformation from one kind of matter into one or more new kinds of matter, this change is a... | Chemical change
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| Chemical or Physical change: Dissolving salt into water | Physical change
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| Chemical or Physical change: Iron rusting | Chemical change
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| Chemical or Physical change: Burning toast | Chemical change
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| Chemical or Physical change: melting ice | Physical change
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| Chemical or Physical change: distillation | Physical change
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| A characteristic that can be observed without changing the material's chemical identity is what kind of property? | Physical property
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| A characteristic that can only be observed by chemically changing a material is what kind of property? | Chemical property
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| Chemical or Physical property: ability to react with oxygen | Chemical property
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| Chemical or Physical property: melting point | Physical property
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| Chemical or Physical property: density | Physical property
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| Chemical or Physical property: color | Physical property
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| Matter that cannot be separated by physical processes | substance
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| Matter that can be separated by physical processes | mixture
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| Pure substances that can't be decomposed by any chemical reaction into simpler substances | element
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| Substances composed of two or more chemically combined elements | Compound
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| This law states that a pure compound (like pure water) always contains definite, or constant, proportions of the elements by mass (one gram of water will always have .889g O and .112g H) | Law of definite proportions
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| You can separate a mixture by what processes | physical, such as distillation
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| a type of mixture that is uniform throughout a given sample, like sugar water | homogenous or solution
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| a type of mixture that consists of physically distinct parts with different properties, like sugar and salt | heterogenous
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| What type of mixture is air, homogenous or heterogenous | homogenous. Although any two samples of air may have different proportions, among one given sample it will be uniform
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| This term can refer to the different compounds in a heterogenous mixture, or to the same compounds in different states like ice in water. | phase
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| What are the two types of substances? | elements and compounds
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| What are the two types of mixtures? | Homogenous and Heterogenous
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| What are the two types of material? | substances and mixtures
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| Still confused on the terminology? Click on the target below for a visual that may help. Right-click it and choose "open in new tab" so you don't lose your place in the cards. | Seriously. Check out the target. Click "start test" on the left side of the screen if you think you got this.
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| A fixed standard accompanies any measurement. What is this fixed standard called. | unit
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| The closeness of a set of values you get from measuring the same thing is called... | precision
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| The closeness of a single measurement to its true value is called... | accuracy
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| If you measure a table 5 times and get the lengths 1.4m, 1.42m, 1.4m, 1.38m, 1.39m, but the table is actually 1.25m, then are your measurements precise or accurate? | They are precise because they are all similar to eachother
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| A shooter has his weapon zeroed but a loose shot groop. Will his shots be accurate or precise? | They should be accurate, because they're generally close to the right spot. They won't be precise, because they're not close to eachother.
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| An expert shooter fires 9 rounds with a weapon that hasn't been zeroed. Will his target show accuracy or precision? | They're precise because they're close to eachother. They're not accurate because they're not near the target.
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| This type of number gives digits in a measured number that include certain digits, plus one digit with some uncertainty | Significant Figures
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| This type of number gives a value as the product of a number between 1 and 10, and ten to some exponential value | Scientific Notation
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| This type of number arises when you count items or define a unit. | Exact number
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| This type of number is considered to have infinite significant numbers as "0" to the right of the terminal integer value | Exact number. ie, 12 eggs = 12.0 or 12.000 eggs, and shouldn't limit digits in calculations
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| This type of number is an expression of a value that contains only the significant digits in a calculation, with the last digit adjusted. | Rounded
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| If the right-most digit to be eliminated is between 0 and 4, how do you round? | down
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| If the right-most digit to be eliminated is between 5 and 9, how do you round? | up
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| At what point in a multi-step calculation should you round? | The very end
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| How many significan figures: 0.00682 | 3. Leading zeros are not significant
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| How many significan figures: 1.072 | 4. embedded zeros are not significant
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| How many significan figures: 300 | 1. Trailing zeros are not significant UNLESS there is a decimal point OR they are exact
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| How many significan figures: 420. | 3. Trailing zeros are significant when there is a decimal point
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| How many significan figures: 420.0 | 4. Trailing zeros are significant when there is a decimal point. This means 420 is certain, the final 0 is the digit with some uncertainty
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| 15.26 + 2.389 = 17.629 Give this answer rounded to the correct significant figure | 17.63 Adding and subtracting rule: round to the least number of decimal places. 15.26 had 2 decimal places, so the answer should be rounded to 2 decimal places.
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| 152.040 - 20.179 = 131.861 Give this answer rounded to the correct significant figure | 131.86 The least number of decimal places is 2, because the terminal zero in 152.040 is not significant.
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| 2700 x 1.3 = 3510 Give this answer rounded to the correct significant figure | 3500 Multiplying and dividing rule: round to the least number of significant figures. Both products in this question only had 2 significant figures.
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| 2 / 9 = 0.22222222.... Give this answer rounded to the correct significant figure | 0.2 Both products in the question had only one significant figure. In this answer, only the 2 is a significant figure.
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| 0.4 * 2.4 = 0.96 Give this answer rounded to the correct significant figure | 1 the first product (0.4) has only one significant figure.
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| Measurable values that might change in an experiment and must be controlled to duplicate an experiment | Variables
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| What kind of reasoning begins with observation that leads to a hypothesis? | Inductive.
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| What kind of reasoning uses a specific example to create a general statement? | Inductive
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| What kind of reasoning that starts with a general rule or set of rules and yields specific results? | Deductive
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| What kind of reasoning uses general ideas to create a specific statement? | Deductive
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| If I fish in a lake and pull out only trout, I might therefore believe there is only trout in the lake. What kind of reasoning? | Inductive. Based on what I see, I think EVERYTHING is that way.
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| I know there is only trout in a lake. Therefore, if I catch fish from the lake, I can be sure it's trout. What kind of reasoning? | Deductive. Based on a broad/general statement, a specific conclusion is met.
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| Chemical or physical? A change in the form of matter but not in its chemical identity | Physical change
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| Chemical or physical? Dissolving | Physical change
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| Chemical or physical? Burning | Chemical change
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| Chemical or physical? A change in which one or more kinds of matter are transformed into a new kind of matter or several new kinds of matter | Chemical change
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| Chemical or physical? A characteristic that can be observed for a material without changing its chemical identity | Physical property
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| Chemical or physical? Ability to react with chlorine | Chemical property
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| Chemical or physical? Location of electrons in valence shell as it relates to that atom’s ability to bind with another atom | Chemical property
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| Chemical or physical? Oxidation | Chemical property (loss of electron)
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| Chemical or physical? Solubility | Physical property
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| This term refers to a particular choice set of metric units | SI, or International System of units
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| What are the SI base units for length, mass, time, and temperature? | Length=meter(m), Mass=kilogram(kg), Time=second(s), Temp=kelvin(K)
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| How do you turn Celsius into kelvins? | C + 273.15 = K
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| How do you turn Farenheit into Celsius? | (F-32)(5/9) = C
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| What is the metric unit conversion for one Liter? mililiter? | 1L = 1 dm(^3) 1mL = 1 cm(^3)
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| What is density? | mass per unit volume, m/V
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| In a conversion factor, what is the relationship between the numerator and the denominator? | They are equal to one another but have different units
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