Terminologies
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| ABO Blood Groups | A system of grouping blood based on the presence or absence of two antigens
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| Adaptive Immunity | Protective mechanism that provide specific protection against certain bacteria and toxins (B and T lymphocytes)
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| Agglutinate | Antibodies causing antigens to clump or stick together (in blood when wrong transfusion occurs)
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| Albumin | Plasma proteins synthesized in the liver that are the primary components of osmotic pressure in the bloodstream
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| Allergic Reaction | Hypersensitive immune reaction of relatively harmless environmental antigens
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| Anemia | A condition that results from too few erythrocytes or hemoglobin
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| Angina Pectoris | Pain in the chest (due to and embolism in the cardiac vessels)
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| Antibodies | Soluble, globular proteins that directly attack antigens, activate complement, or stimulate changes that prevent the spread of pathogens
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| Antigens | A chemical compound attached to a cell surface which, if not recognized by the lymphatic system, elicits an immune responsef
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| Aorta | The major systemic artery that receives blood from the left ventricle
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| Aplastic anemia | (Blood disorder characterizes by low erythrocyte count) from destruction of myeloid tissue in bone marrow
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| Arteriole | A small branch of an artery that communicates with a capillary network
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| Artery | Thick-walled elastic vessels that always carry blood away from the heart
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| Artificial Active Immunity | Active immunity acquired by vaccination
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| Artificial Passive immunity | Immunity by receiving antibodies
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| Atrium | Chamber of the heart that receives blood
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| Augmented Lead | ECG leads between 3 limbs measure change in electric potential on a frontal plane
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| AV bundle | Fibers in the heart that relay a nerve impulse from the AV node to the ventricles (bundle of His)
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| AV node | A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is part of the conduction system of the heart
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| Bilirubin | Pigment that results from destruction of hemoglobin
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| Bipolar Lead | The electrical connection of two electrodes to a recording instrument and to two different places on the body, such as the chest and a limb.
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| Buffy coat | Thin layer of white blood cells and platelets located between red blood cells and platelets in between erythrocytes and blood plasma in a centrifuged blood sample
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| Capillary | A small blood vessel that connects an arteriole and a venule ()
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| Capillary Blood Pressure | Blood pressure found in the capillaries
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| Carbaminohemoglobin | The compound formed by the union of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin
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| Cardiac cycle | A series of myocardial contractions and relaxations that constitute a complete heartbeat
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| Cardiac output | The volume of blood per minute that the heart pumps
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| Central Venus Pressure | Venus blood pressure within the right atrium that influences pressure in the large peripheral veins
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| Coagulation | an effective hemostatic mechanism that causes blood clots through the use of clotting factors
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| Colloid Osmotic Pressure | the pressure resulting from water moving toward an area of a higher concentration of a solute
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| Deoxyhemoglobin | hemoglobin not combined with oxygen, formed when oxyhemoglobin releases its oxygen to the tissues
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| Diastole | Phase of the cardiac cycle when a heart chamber wall relaxes
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| Electrical event | The electrical conduction of the heart as visualized on the EKG
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| Embolism | Obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign matter carried in the bloodstream
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| Embolus | a dislodged blood clot that is moving through the blood vessels
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| Endocardium | Inner lining of the heart chambers
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| Eosinophils | Lymphocytes that release chemicals that combat worms
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| Epicardium | The visceral portion of the pericardium on the surface of the heart
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| Erythroblastosis Fetalis | Disease that may develop when an Rh negative mother gives birth to an Rh positive infant causing the mother to become exposed and produce antibodies endangering future fetuses.
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| Erythrocytes | biconcave disks, also known as red blood cells, used to transport gases
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| Erythropoietin | a hormone that is secreted by the kidney and liver to control rate of erythrocyte production
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| Fibrin | insoluble threads of protein that form a meshwork at sites of injury that entrap blood cells and platelets forming blood clots
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| Fibrinogen | a large protein synthesized in the liver that functions in blood coagulation
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| Gamma Globulin | IGG antibodies (most common)
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| Globulin | three types of proteins synthesized in the liver and lymphatic tissue and are important in the transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins and immunity
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| Globulin | three types of proteins synthesized in the liver and lymphatic tissue and are important in the transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins and immunity
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| Granulocytes | Leukocytes containing a lobed nucleus (neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, eosinophils)
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| HDL | Good cholesterol (smallest allowing triglycerides to be transported in the blood stream) (high density lipoprotein)
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| Hematocrit | the percentage of formed elements in a volume of whole blood Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets
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| Hemoglobin | oxygen carrying portion of the erythrocyte
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| Hemorrhagic Anemia | Anemia from blood loss
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| Hemostasis | the processes responsible for stopping blood loss when a blood vessel is damaged
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| Heparin | Prevents coagulation
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| Hepatic Portal Circulation | Delivers blood from the intestines - filters for nutrients and toxins - and delivers it to the heart via inferior vena cava
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| Humoral Immunity | Cell mediated immunity involving lymphocytes (B and T cells)
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| Hydrostatic Pressure | Force of fluid pushing against a surface (blood pressure)
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| Hypotension | Abnormally low blood pressure
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| Hypertension | Abnormally high blood pressure
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| Innate Immunity | Non-specific immunity - immediate generic protection against pathogens (macrophages, neutrophils, inflammation etc.)
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| Ischemia | Deficiency of blood in a body part
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| LDL | Bad cholesterol (low density lipoprotein) enables transport of multiple fat molecules in the blood stream
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| Leukemia | Blood cancer characterized by cancerous increase in leukocytes
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| Leukocytes | five types of cells, also known as white blood cells, that protect against disease Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes
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| Leukocytosis | Abnormally high white blood cell numbers in blood
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| Leukopenia | Abnormally low white blood cell numbers in blood
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| Lipoprotein | proteins that combine with lipids to allow transport of lipids through the bloodstream, Phospholipids with triglyceride core.
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| Lymph | Specialized fluid formed in the tissue spaces that returns excess fluid and protein molecules to the blood
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| Lymph nodes | Performs biological filtration of lymph on its way to the circulatory system
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| Lymphatic Capillaries | Tiny blind-ended tubes distributes in the tissue spaces
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| Lymphatic Pathways | Pathways involving lymph vessels throughout the body
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| Lymphocytes | Specialized white blood cells (T and B cells) involved with specific immunity
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| Mechanical Event | The muscular contraction of the heart that sends blood out of the heart
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| Mitral valve | Heart valve between left atrium and left ventricle also known as the bicuspid valve
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| Monocytes | Leukocyte that differentiates into macrophages upon arrival at site of infection
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| Myocardial Infarction | A MI is the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle secondary to prolonged ischemia
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| Myocardium | Muscle tissue of the heart
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| Natural Active Immunity | Involves the production of antibodies (humoral immunity)
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| Natural Passive Immunity | Antibodies from a mother passed to a fetus
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| Neutrophil | Leukocyte that releases oxidizing agents to destroy pathogens as well as engulf them
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| P - Wave | Deflection on an ECG that occurs with depolarization of the atria
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| Pacemaker | Mass of specialized muscle tissue that controls the rhythm of the heartbeat AV and SA
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| Pernicious Anemia | Deficiency of red blood cells resulting from a lack of vitamin B12
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| Plasma | clear, straw-colored liquid portion of whole blood which contains acomplex mixture of chemicals
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| Plasma Proteins | Proteins circulating in the blood plasma that contribute to hydrostatic and osmotic pressures (colloidal pressure) (albumen)
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| Polycythemia | Excessive number of red blood cells
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| Precordial Lead | record the electric potential changes in the heart in a cross sectional plane
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| Prothrombin | A protein present in normal blood that is required for blood clotting
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| Prothrombin activator | A protein formed by clotting factors from damaged tissue cells and platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin (platelets)
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| Purkinje Fibers | Specialized cells located in the walls of the ventricles that relay nerve impulses from the AV node to the ventricles causing myocardial contraction
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| QRS complex | Deflection on an ECG that occurs as a result of depolarization of the ventricles
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| Rh Blood Group | a system of grouping blood based on the presence of the Rh antigen
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| SA node | The hearts pacemaker where the impulse conduction of the heart normally starts: located in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava
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| Serum | Blood plasma without its clotting factors but still containing antibodies
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| Spleen | Larges lymphoid organ that filters blood and destroys inadequate erythrocytes and reabsorbs iron from hemoglobin (serves as a blood reservoir)
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| Stroke volume | The volume of blood that each ventricle discharges in a heartbeat
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| Systemic circulation | Involves movement of blood from the left ventricle throughout the body and back to the right atrium
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| Systole | The phase of the cardiac cycle when a heart chamber wall contracts
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| Thrombocyte | cell fragments, as known as platelets, that close breaks in damaged blood vessels and initiate the formation of blood clots
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| Thrombopoietin | a hormone responsible for the initiation the formation of thrombocytes
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| Thrombosis | Formation or clot in a blood vessel causing partial or full blockage of flow
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| Thrombus | a blood clot that abnormally forms in a blood vessel
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| Thymus | "educates" T-lymphocytes
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| Urea | Nitrogen containing waste product
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| Vasoconstriction | A decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel
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| Vasodilatation | An increase in the diameter of a blood vessel
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| Vasospasm | Blood vessel spasm
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| Vein | A vessel that carries blood toward the heart
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| Vena Cava | The large vein that conveys deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
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| Ventricle | Chamber of the heart that contract to send blood the lungs and body
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| VLDL | Produced by the liver (enables fat molecules to be transported in the blood)
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| Whole Blood | the combination of all fluid and components in the blood
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