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Chapter 1.3-1.5

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Term
Definition
Parameter   Measure of the whole population describing a characteristic  
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Statistic   Measure of a sample describing some characteristic (not the whole population)  
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Quantitative data   Data expressed by numbers  
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Categorical data   Data that consists of names or labels that are not expressed in numbers  
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Discrete data   Values are finite or countable  
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Continuous data   Infinitely many possible values  
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Nominal level of measurement   characterized by data that consists of names or labels; not ranked  
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Ordinal level of measurement   data can be ordered but differences do not make sense  
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Interval level of measurement   Difference between data is quantitative but there is no natural starting point  
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Ratio level of measurement   data can be ordered, differences make sense, and there is a natural starting point  
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Voluntary response sample   Respondents decide themselves whether to be included  
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Problems with voluntary response sample   Strong opinions pervade, and inherent bias exist  
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Correlation   When two events are somehow connected  
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Causation   When one event causes another event  
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Reporter bias   when respondents aim to please the researcher  
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Small samples   not always indicative of the whole population, even if properly collective  
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Loaded question   When strong wording skews responses  
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Order of questions   structure of sentence can contributes to responses  
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Non-response   when a person either refuses to respond to a survey question or is unavailable  
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Missing data   Data values are missing for many factors  
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Self-interest study   Researcher desires a certain conclusion and skews study methods in favor of that conclusion  
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Observational study   measure specific characteristics but don't attempt to modify the subjects  
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Experimental study   Apply a treatment and proceed to observe its effects  
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Simple random sample   sample of size n is a selection of n subjects is chosen in such a way so that every group of n subjects has an equal chance of being chosen  
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Random sample   members of the population chosen in such a way that every individual is equally likely to be chosen  
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Probability sample   select members from the population in such a way that each member is chosen with a pre-selected probability  
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Systematic sampling   select some starting point and select every kth person  
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Convenience sampling   sampling from a group convenient to the researcher  
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