Microbiology
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| What is a portal of entry? | the site at which pathogenic microbes gain access to tissue that can be infected
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| Name some portals of entry in humans | mouth, nose, GU tract, cuts in the skin, mosquito bites that penetrate into the blood and the placenta
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| Distinguish the survival abilities of intracellular and extracellular pathogens | intracellular--cause infection--microbes have developed ability to escape phagocytic killing mechanisms--extracellular--cause infection by ability to remain outside of phagocytic cells
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| Define and distinguish primary and opportunistic pathogens | primary--can invade and infect healthy hosts--opportunistic--normally nonpathogens can't be warded off by individuals whose immune systems are compromised
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| what individuals are generaly predisposed to infection with opportunistic pathgens? | tissue transplant patients and people with immunodeficiencies--often predisposed to infection with opportunistic pathogens
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| Differentiate a virulent organism from a virulence factor | virulent organism--one that causes a disease--virulence factors--enzymes and toxins allow an organism to evade the host immune system
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| How do the concepts of infectious dose and virulence differ from each other? | infectious dose--nu ber of bacterial cells required to establish infection--virulence--bacterium's ability to infect host in spite of host's defences
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| Give 2 factors that allow different microbes to attach or adhere to target cells | fimbriae and lipoteichoic acid of gram-positive cells are factors--allow different microbes to attach/adhere to target cells
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| How do endotoxins and exotoxins differ? | endotoxins--released only when microbe is damaged/lysed--exotoxins--purposefully secreted from the microbe
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| What does botulinum toxin do? | after eaten in food, botulinum toxin penetrates the intestinal wall and blocks transmission of nerve-muscle signals
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| What kind of toxin is LPS(lipopolysaccharide)? In what kind of bacteria do you find LPS? | Lipopolysaccharide is an endotoxin found in the gram-negative bacterial lipid A
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| What virulent effect does LPS have on its host? | host recognizes lipid A--tries to destroy infection by cooking it with higher and higher body temp (fever)--if host overreacts-brain damage, cardiovascular shock, and hemorrhaging can occur
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| Describe an exoenzyme that functions in virulence | exoenzyme hyaluronidase functions to destroy host connective tissue--facilitates bacterial spreading
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| What do hemolysins do? | toxins that cause the red blood cells to lyse so that red blood cell contents become available as microbial nutrient sources
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| Systemic infection | infetion spread via the blood or lymphatic systems
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| Focal infection | infection spread from a specific locale
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| Acute infection | severe infection that begins abruptly
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| Chronic infection | infection that appears gradually and lasts for an extended period
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| Subacute infection | infection with intermediate duration and symptoms
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| Primary infection | infection caused by the organism that initiated infection
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| Secondary infection | infection caused by a different organism than the one that established the original primary infection
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| Subclinical, asymptomatic,or apparent infection | infection that does not manifest symptoms even though infection is present and growing
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| Abcess | discrete infection that blocks the entry of immune system cells
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| Bacteremia | bacteria in the blood
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| Septicemia | actively growing bacteria in the blood
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| Viremia | virus in the blood
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| Leukocytosis | increased number of white blood cells
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| Leukopenia | decreased number of white blood cells
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| What is latency? | when microbes persist in dormant state, although symptoms of infection subside
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| Name some common microbes that become latent | tubercle bacilli, herpes simplex, HIV, hepatitis B, and Epstein-Barr viruses
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| What potential danger does a chronic carrier present to other people? | chronic carrier may be asymptomatic--may not know the disease is in his system and can therefore unknowingly spread the disease to others
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| What are sequelae? | specific conditions that follow an illness episode, such as heart valve damage after a bout of strep sore throat
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| When do sequelae occur? | after the initial infection has run its course
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| What is the CDC? | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta Georgia
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| What does the CDC publish? | information about new outbreaks of illnesses--new pathogens--how to control and brevent disease in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
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| Why is an infection control nurse so important? | he or she acts to identify and control the spread of outbreaks as quickly as possible
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| Communicable | infection passed from one host to another
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| Contagious | highly communicable infection
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| Transmission | spread of disease from one individual to another (horizontal) or from parent to progeny (vertical)
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| Fomite | inanimate object from which a microbe may be contracted
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| Aerosols | microbe-containing droplets released into the air by coughing or sneezing
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| Fecal-oral route | microbes left on hand after restroom use--transmitted to food or other objects having oral contact--fecal contamination of food/water
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