Nervous System Medical Terms
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| cephalalgia | head pain (headache)
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| cerebellar | pertaining to cerebellum
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| cerebellitis | cerebellum inflammation
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| cerebral | pertaining to cerebrum
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| cerebral sclerosis | hardening of the cerebrum
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| cerebrospinal | pertaining to cerebrum and spine
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| cerebrovascular | pertaining to the vessels in the cerebrum
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| electroencephalogram | record of brain’s electricity
(EEG)
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| encephalitis | brain inflammation
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| encephaloma | brain tumor
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| glial | pertaining to connective tissue that surrounds and supports nerve cells
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| glioma | brain tumor made up neuroglia
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| meningioma | meninges tumor
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| meningeal | pertaining to meninges
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| meningitis | meninges inflammation
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| meningocele | protrusion of the meninges through the spinal column
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| myelogram | image of the spinal cord
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| myelitis | spinal cord inflammation
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| myelopathy | Any disease of the spinal cord
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| neural | pertaining to nerves
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| neuralgia | nerve pain
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| neurectomy | surgical removal of nerve
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| neuritis | inflammation of a nerve
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| neurocyte | nerve cell
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| neuroglia cells | in the brain and spinal cord that support and insulate the neurons
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| neurologist | specialist in nerves and nervous system
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| neuroma | nerve tumor
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| neuropathy | any disease of the nerves
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| neuroplasty | surgical repair of the nerves
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| polyneuritis | inflammation of many nerves
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| neurorrhaphy | suture of nerve
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| pontine | pertaining to pons
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| radiculitis | nerve root inflammation
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| radiculopathy | nerve root disease
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| spinal | pertaining to the spine
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| thalamic | pertaining to thalamus
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| intrathecal | pertaining to within meninges
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| analgesia | absence of pain or sensation
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| anesthesia | lack of sensations
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| hyperesthesia | excessive sensations
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| hemiparesis | weakness of half the body
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| monoparesis | weakness of one extremity, muscle, or muscle area
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| aphasia | lack of speech
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| dysphasia | difficult speech
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| monoplegia | paralysis of one extremity, muscle, or muscle
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| paraplegia | paralysis from the waist down
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| quadriplegia | paralysis of all four limbs
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| ataxia | lack of muscle coordination
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| anesthesiology | branch of medicine specializing in anesthesia, including for surgical procedures,resuscitation measures, and management of acute and chronic pain
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| anesthesiologist | One who specializes in the anethesia
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| coma | profound unconsciousness or stupor resulting from illness or injury
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| conscious | awake and aware of surroundings
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| convulsion | severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations
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| dementia | progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with performing activities of daily living
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| hemiparesis | weakness or loss of motion on one side of body
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| hemiplegia | paralysis on only one side of body
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| neurology | branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of nervous system
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| neurosurgery | branch of medicine concerned with treating conditions and diseases of nervous systems
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| neurosurgeon | one who specializes in surgical treatment of nervous system disorders
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| palsy | temporary or permanent loss of ability to control movement
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| paralysis | temporary or permanent loss of function or voluntary movement
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| paraplegia | paralysis of lower portion of body and both legs
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| paresthesia | abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling
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| seizure | sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms
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| unconscious | condition or state of being unaware of surroundings, with inability to respond to stimuli
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| Alzheimer’s disease | chronic, organic mental disorder consisting of dementia; more prevalent in adults between ages 40 and 60; involves progressive disorientation, apathy, speech and gait disturbances, and loss of memory
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| cerebral aneurysm | localized abnormal dilatation of blood vessel, usually artery; result of congenital defect or weakness in wall of vessel; ruptured aneurysm is common cause of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident
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| cerebral contusion | bruising of brain from blow or impact; symptoms last longer than 24 hours include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, and shock
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| cerebral palsy | a disorder of movement, muscle tone or posture that is caused by injury or abnormal development in the immature brain, most often before birth
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| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | development of infarct due to loss in blood supply to area of brain; blood flow interrupted by ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhage), floating clot (embolus), stationary clot (thrombosis), or compression
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| concussion | injury to brain resulting from brain being shaken inside skull from blow or impact; can result in unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size,and shock; symptoms last 24 hours or less
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| epilepsy | recurrent disorder of brain in which seizures and loss of consciousness occur as result of uncontrolled electrical activity of neurons in brain
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| hydrocephalus | accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within ventricles of brain; causing head to be enlarged; treated by creating artificial shunt for fluid to leave brain; if untreated may lead to seizures and mental retardation
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| Parkinson disease | chronic disorder of nervous system with tremors, muscular weakness, rigidity and shuffling gait.
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| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | temporary interference with blood supply to brain, causing neurological symptoms such as dizziness, numbness, and hemiparesis; may eventually lead to full-blown stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
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| meningocele | congenital condition in which meninges protrude through opening in vertebral column; see spina bifida
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| myelomeningocele | congenital condition in which meninges and spinal cord protrude through opening in vertebral column; see spina bifida
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| poliomyelitis | viral inflammation of gray matter of spinal cord resulting in paralysis
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| spina bifida | congenital defect in walls of spinal canal in which laminae of vertebra do not meet or close; may result in meningocele or myelomeningocele—meninges or spinal cord being pushed through opening
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| Bell’s palsy | one-sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of facial nerve, probably viral in nature; patient cannot control salivation, tearing of eyes, or expression, but most will eventually recover
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| multiple sclerosis | inflammatory disease of CNS causing a loss of myelin insulation to nerves
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| myasthenia gravis | disease with severe muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at synapse
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| shingles | eruption of painful blisters on body along nerve path, thought to be caused by Herpes zoster virus infection of nerve root
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| epidural hematoma | mass of blood in space outside dura mater of brain and spinal cord
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| subdural hematoma | mass of blood forming beneath dura mater; meninges are torn by trauma; may exert fatal pressure on brain if hematoma is not drained by surgery
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| CAT, CT | radiographic imaging using narrow beam of x-rays. The machine rotates to create several cross sectional images
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| echoencephalography | recording of ultrasonic echoes of brain; useful in determining abnormal patterns of shifting in brain
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| MRI | use of electromagnetic energy to create cross sectional images
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| myelography | injection of radiopaque dye into spinal canal; X-ray is taken to examine normal and abnormal outlines made by dye
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| positron emission tomography (PET) | use of positive radionuclides to reconstruct brain sections; measurement taken of oxygen and glucose uptake, cerebral blood flow, and blood volume; amount of glucose brain uses indicates how metabolically active tissue is
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| Electroencephalography (EEG) | recording electrical activity of brain by placing electrodes at various positions on scalp; used in sleep studies to determine if there is normal pattern of activity during sleep
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| lumbar puncture (LP) | puncture with needle into lumbar area to withdraw fluid for examination and for injection of anesthesia; also called spinal puncture or spinal tap cerebrospinal fluid analysis testing of the CSF for blood, bacteria or virus infections
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| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | testing of the CSF for blood, bacteria or virus infection
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| Craniotomy | incision into the skull to relieve pressure from head trauma
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| cerebrospinal fluid shunts | surgical procedure in which bypass is created to drain cerebrospinal fluid; used to treat hydrocephalus by draining excess cerebrospinal fluid from brain and diverting it to abdominal cavity
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| analgesic | narcotic or non-narcotic medication; treats minor to moderate pain
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| anesthetic | produces loss of sensation or loss of consciousness
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