Anatomy
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| Retroperitoneal Space | The space anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the peritoneum
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| Contents in Retroperitoneal Space | Kidneys, Ureters, Suprarenal gland, Aorta, IVC, Sympathetic trunk, and Lymphatic Glands
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| The inferior part of the Left Kidney is found in what level? | L3
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| The inferior part of the right kidney is found in what level | L4. It is lower than the left kidney because of the liver.
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| What is found anterior of the right kidney | Duodenum, liver, colon
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| What is found anterior of the left kidney | spleen, pancreas, colon
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| Anterior to Posterior: Arteries, Ureter, Veins | Veins, Arteries, Ureter
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| What is found anterior to the right ureter? | Duodenum, ileum, rightcolic and ileocolic vessels, right gonadal vessels, small intestine mesentery (right part)
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| What is found posterior to the right ureter? | Right psoas muscle
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| What is found anterior to the left ureter? | Sigmoid colon, Left colic artery, left gonadal vessels, Inferior mesenteric vein lies medial side of the left ureter
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| What is found posterior to the left ureter? | Right psoas muscle
Pelvis: Sacroiliac joint
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| Renal Fascia | Encases the kidneys and attaches to the hilum
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| In perinephric abscesses, what is preventing the spread of pus to the contralateral side? | The attachment of the renal fascia to the hilum.
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| Be able to identify the kidney coverings and the muscles in its vicinity. | Psoas muscle, Psoas sheath, renal fascia, renal capsule, peritoneum, pararenal fat
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| Psoas abscess | Vertebrae--> Psoas sheath --> Psoas abscess
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| What are the 3 constrictions of a ureter | 1. Pelviureteric junction
2. Crossing of pelvic brim
3. Entering in bladder
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| Tributaries: Lt renal vein | Lt. gonadal vein
Lt. suprarenal vein
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| Blood supply of the upper 1/3 of ureter | Renal Artery
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| Blood supply of the middle 1/3 of ureter | Lt. testicular or ovarian artery
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| Blood supply of the lower 1/3 of ureter | Superior vesical artery
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| Kidney injury at the cortex | subcapsular hematoma
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| Kidney injury at the cortex and capsule | Hematoma
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| Kidney injury at the renal capsula communicating with renal pelvis | hematuria
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| Kidney injury at the hilum | 1) Ischemia (renal artery)
2) Affects organs supplied by Renal Artery
3) Obstruction Gonadal vein (varcocele)
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| What do you see inside a urinary bladder? | Trigone, urethral opening, and mucosa
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| Sympathetic innervation to the bladder | hypogastric plexus
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| Parasympathetic innervation to the bladder | Pelvic splanchnic
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| Parasympathetic action: Bladder | Contraction of bladder muscle and inhibition (relaxation) of sphinter and vesicae (micturation)
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| Sympathetic Action: Bladder | Inhibits contraction, stimulate closure of sphincter, vesicae, ejaculation
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| Neurovascular Supply of Bladder: Parasympathetic | 1) Motor to the detrusor muscle
2) Parasympathetic stimulation contraction of the detrusor muscle
3) Relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter-micturition
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| Neurovascular Supply of Bladder | 1) Contraction of internal sphincter
2) Ejaculation of semen in and prevent reflux of semen into bladder
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| Lymphatic drainage: Superior Part of Bladder | External Iliac lymph node
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| Lymphatic drainage: Inferior Part of Bladder | Internal Iliac lymph node
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| Lymphatic drainage: Neck of the Bladder | Common Iliac nodes or sacral lymph node
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