Final Exam
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| biologics | chemical agents that produce biological responses within the body; they are synthesized by cells of the human body, animal cells, or microorganisms
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| clinical pharmacology | an area of medicine devoted to the evaluation of drugs used for human therapeutic benefit
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| formularies | lists of drugs and drug recipes commonly used by pharmacists
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| natural alternative therapies | herbs, natural extracts, vitamins, minerals or dietary supplements
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| pathophysiology | the study of diseases and the functional changes occurring in the body as a result of diseases
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| pharmaceutics | the science of preparing and dispensing drugs
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| pharmacology | the study of medicines; the discipline pertaining to how drugs improve the health of the human body
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| therapeutics | the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease and suffering
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| bioavailability | the ability of a drug to reach its target cells and produce its effect
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| chemical name | strict chemical nomenclature used for naming drugs established the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
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| combination drugs | drug product with more than one active generic ingredient
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| controlled substance | in the United States, a drug restricted by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act. In Canada, a drug subject to guidelines outlined in Part III, Schedule G, of the Canadian Food and Drugs Act
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| generic name | nonproprietary name of a drug assigned by the government
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| mechanism of action | how a drug exerts its effects
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| pharmacologic classification | method for organizing drugs on the basis of their mechanism of action (how they work pharmacologically)
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| prototype drug | an original, well-understood drug model from which other drugs in a pharmacologic class have been developed
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| restricted drugs | in Canada, a drug not intended for human use, covered in Part IV, Schedule H, of the Canadian Food and Drugs Act
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| scheduled drugs | in the United States, a term describing a drug placed into on of five categories (I through V) based on its potential for misuse or abuse
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| therapeutic classification | method for organizing drugs on the basis of their therapeutic usefulness
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| trade name | proprietary name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer; also called the brand name or product name
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| allergic reaction | a hyperresponse of body tissues to a foreign substance (allergen), in which patients experience uncomfortable and potentially serious symptoms, including difficulty breathing, pain, swelling, skin rash, and other unfavorable signs
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| anaphylaxis | an acute allergic response to an antigen that results in severe hypotension and may cause death if untreated
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| apothecary system | former system of weights and measures used by health care providers and pharmacists; replaced by the metric system
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| ASAP order | means "as soon as possible"; a physician's order referring to the time frame that is often defined as less than 30 minutes
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| astringent effect | the shrinkage of swollen membranes or binding together of body surface material
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| buccal route | the administration of medications by the cheek or mouth
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| compliance | taking a medication in the way it was prescribed by the practitioner; in the case of OTC drugs, following the instructions found on the label
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| enteral route | the major route by which drugs enter the body through the digestive tract
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| enteric-coated | hard, waxy coating that enables drugs to resist the acidity of the stomach; enables drugs to dissolve in the small intestine
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| household systems | older system of measurement involving teaspoons, tablespoons, cups, drops, pounds, etc
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| intradermal (ID) route | method of parenteral drug delivery in which drugs are injected into the dermis of the skin
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| intramuscular (IM) route | method of parenteral drug delivery in which drugs are injected into layers of muscle beneath the skin
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| intravenous (IV) route | method of parenteral drug delivery in which drugs are injected into the venous circulation
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| metric system | the most common system of measurement
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| parenteral route | the major route by which drugs enter the body other than the enteral or topical route
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| prn order | Latin; pro re nata; physician's order; means 'to administer as required by the patient's condition'
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| routine orders | standard order usually carried out within 2 hours of the time it was written by the physician
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| single order | a physician's order for a drug that is to be given only once at a specific time; an example is a preoperative order
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| six rights of drug administration | practical guidelines for nurses to use during drug preparation, delivery, and administration of drugs
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| standing order | a physician's order written in advance of a situation, which is to be carried out under specific circumstances
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| STAT order | comes from statim, the Latin word meaning 'immediately'; the time frame between writing the STAT order and administering the drug may be 5 minutes or less, depending on facility rules
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| subcutaneous (SC or SQ) route | method of parenteral drug delivery in which drugs are injected into the hypodermis of the skin
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| sublingual (SL) route | method of enteral drug delivery in which drugs are placed under the tongue
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| sustained-release | tablets or capsules that are designed to dissolve very slowly
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| three checks of drug administration | checks used by nurses together with the six rights to help ensure patient safety and drug effectivness
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| topical route | the route by which drugs are placed directly onto the skin and associated membranes
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| transdermal | method of drug delivery, usually by a patch, in which drugs are absorbed across the layers of the skin for the purpose of entering the bloodstream
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| transmucosal | method of topical drug delivery in which drugs are applied directly to mucosal membranes, including the nasal and respiratory pathways and vagina
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| absorption | the process of moving a drug across body membranes
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| agonists | drugs that are capable of binding with receptors in order to cause a cellular response
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| antagonists | drugs that block the response of another drug
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| biotransformation | the chemical conversion of drugs from one form to another that may result in increased or decreased activity
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| distribution | the process of transporting drugs through the body
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| efficacy | the effectiveness of a drug in producing a more intense response as its concentration is increased
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| enterohepatic recirculation | recycling of drugs and other substances by the circulation of bile through the intestine and liver
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| excretion | the process of removing substances from the body
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| first-pass effect | a mechanism whereby drugs are absorbed across the intestinal wall and enter into blood vessels, known as the hepatic portal circulation, which carries blood directly to the liver
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| half-life (t1/2) | the length of time required for a drug to decrease its concentration in the plasma by one half of the original amount
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| metabolism | the sum total of all chemical reactions in the body or an organ (for example, the liver)
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| pharmacodynamics | the study of how the body responds to drugs and natural substances
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| pharmacokinetics | the study of what the body does to drugs
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| potency | the power or strength of a drug at a specified concentration or dose
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| prodrugs | drugs that become more active after they are metabolized
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| receptor | the structural component of a cell to which a drug binds in a dose-related manner to produce a response
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| receptor theory | a cellular mechanism by which most drugs produce their effects
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| assessment | appraisal of a patient's condition that involves gathering and interpreting data
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| etiologies | causes of the patient's disease or condition
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| evaluation criteria | objective assessment of the effectiveness and impact of interventions
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| evaluation phase | part of the nursing process that provides an objective assessment of the effectiveness of the interventions
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| goal | an objective that the patient or nurse seeks to attain or achieve
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| implementation phase | part of the nursing processing during which the nurse carries out activities that assist in accomplishing established goals
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| interventions | action that produces an effect or that is intended to alther the course of a disease or condition
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| nursing diagnosis | clinically based judgement about the patient and his or her response to health and illness
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| nursing process | five-part decision-making system that includes assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation
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| outcome | objective measure of goals
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| planning phase | stage of the nursing process that links strategies or interventions to established goals and outcomes
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| botanicals | a plant extract used to treat or prevent illness
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| complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) | general term for treatments that consider the health of the whole person and promote disease prevention
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| Dietary Supplement and Nonprescription Drug Consumer Protection Act | law that requires companies that market herbal and dietary supplements to include their address and phone number on the product labels so consumers can report adverse events
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| Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 | primary law in the United States regulating herb and dietary supplements
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| dietary supplements | a nondrug substance regulated by the DSHEA
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| herbs | plants with a soft stem that is used in healing or as a seasoning
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| specialty supplements | a nonherbal dietary supplement used to enhance body functions
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| addiction | the continued use of a substance despite its negative health and social consequences
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| alcohol intoxication | a condition of altered mental and physical function resulting from drinking more alcoholic beverages within a time frame than the body can tolerate
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| attention deficit disorder (ADD) | consistent difficulty in focusing attention on a task for a sufficient length of time
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| cross-tolerance | the process of adapting to a new drug as a result of having already been exposed to a related drug
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| designer drugs | drugs that are produced in a laboratory and are intended to mimic the effects of other psychoactive controlled substances
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| Narcolepsy | condition characterized by uncontrolled daytime sleepiness
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| Opioid | natural or synthetic morphine-like substance obtained from the unripe seeds of the poppy plant
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| physical dependence | the condition of experiencing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when a substance is discontinued
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| psychedelics | substances that alter perception and reality
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| psychological dependence | an unpleasant, intense craving for a drug after it has been withdrawn
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| tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) | the active chemical in marijuana
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| tolerance | the process of adapting to a drug over time and requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect
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| withdrawal syndrome | unpleasant symptoms experienced when a physically dependent client discontinues the use of an abused drug
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| acetylcholine (Ach) | primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system; also present at somatic neuromuscular junctions and at parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic nerves
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| adrenergic | a term relating to nerves that release norepinephrine or epinephrine
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| adrenergic agent | another name for a sympathomimetic drug
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| adrenergic blockers | a drug that blocks the actions of the sympathetic nervous system
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| adrenergic drugs | another name for a sympathomimetic drug
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| alpha receptor | type of subreceptor found in the sympathetic nervous system
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| anticholinergics | drugs that inhibit the action of acetylcholine at its receptor
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| beta receptor | type of subreceptor found in the sympathetic nervous system
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| cholinergic | a term relating to nerves that release acetylcholine
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| cholinergic blockers | a drug that blocks the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system
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| cholinergic drugs | another name for parasympathomimetic drugs
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| ganglia | collections of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS
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| muscarinic | type of cholinergic receptor found in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
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| nicotinic | type of cholinergic receptor found in ganglia of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
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| norepinephrine | primary neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system
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| parasympathetic nervous system | portion of the autonomic system that is active during periods of rest and digestion
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| parasympathomimetics | drugs that mimic the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system
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| sympathetic nervous system | portion of the autonomic system that is active during periods of stress and which produces the fight-or-flight response
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| sympatholytic | a drug that blocks the actions of the sympathetic nervous system
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| sympathomimetic | a drug that mimics the actions of the sympathetic nervous system
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| antidepressants | drugs used for the treatment of depression and a range of anxiety disorders, including panic, obsessive-compulsive, social phobia, and post-traumatic stress disorders
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| anxiety | state of apprehension and autonomic nervous system activation resulting from exposure to a nonspecific or unknown cause
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| anxiolytics | drugs that relieve anxiety
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| barbiturates | class of drugs derived from barbituric acid; they act as CNS depressants and are used for their sedative and antiseizure effects
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| benzodiazepines | class of drugs used to treat anxiety and insomnia
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| black box warning | warning label surrounded by a black border and issued by the FDA to emphasize the important and serious life-threatening risks associated with the use of the drug
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| CNS depressants | drugs that lower neuronal activity within the CNS
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| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | difficult-to-control, excessive anxiety that lasts 6 months or more
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| insomnia | the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep
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| limbic system | area in the brain responsible for emotion, learning, memory, motivation, and mood
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| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | anxiety characterized by recurrent, intrusive thoughts or repetitive behaviors that interfere with normal activities or relationships
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| panic disorder | anxiety characterized by intense feelings of immediate apprehension, fearfulness, terror, or impending doom
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| phobias | fearful feelings attached to situations or objects
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| post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | anxiety characterized by a sense of helplessness and the reexperiencing of a traumatic event, for example, war, physical or sexual abuse, natural disasters, or murder
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| rebound insomnia | increased sleeplessness that occurs when long-term antianxiety or hypnotic medication is discontinued
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| reticular activating system (RAS) | the brain structure that projects from the brainstem and thalamus to the cerebral cortex; responsible for sleeping and wakefulness and performs an alerting function
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| reticular formation | a network of neurons found along the entire length of the brainstem connected with the reticular activating system
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| sedative-hypnotic | drug that produces a calming effect when given in lower doses, and produces sleep when given in higher doses
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| sedatives | drugs that relax or calm the patient
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| antidepressants | drugs used for the treatment of depression and a range of anxiety disorders, including panic, obsessive-compulsive, social phobia, and post-traumatic stress disorders
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| attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | a disorder typically diagnosed in childhood and adolescence characterized by hyperactivity as well as attention, organization, and behavior control issues
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| bipolar disorder | a disorder characterized by extreme and opposite feelings, such as euphoria and depression or calmness and rage; also called manic depression
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| dysthymic disorder | less severe type of mood disorder that may prevent a person from feeling well or functioning normally
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| major depressive disorder | a disorder characterized by at least five symptoms of depression
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| monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) | drugs inhibiting monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that terminates the actions of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin
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| mood disorder | a disorder involving a change in behavior, such as major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder
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| mood stabilizers | drugs that level mood to treat bipolar disorder and mania
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| selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) | drugs that selectively inhibit the reuptake of serotonin into nerve terminals
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| serotonin syndrome (SES) | a set of signs and symptoms associated with overmedication with antidepressants
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| serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) | drugs that block the recycling of two neurotransmitters, serotonin and norepinephrine
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| tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) | drugs with a three-ring chemical structure that inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into nerve terminals
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| akathisia | uncontrolled limb and body movements
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| extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) | symptoms where muscles become very rigid because of overmedication with antipsychotics or by lack of dopamine function in the corpus striatum
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| negative symptoms | symptoms that subtract from normal behavior; signs that are used to assist with the diagnosis of schizophrenia
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| neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) | a potentially fatal condition caused by some antipsychotic medications; symptoms include an extremely high body temperature, drowsiness, changing blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, and muscle rigidity
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| neuroleptics | drugs used to treat "nervous-type" conditions such as psychoses
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| parkinsonism | degenerative disorder of the nervous system caused by a deficiency of the brain neurotransmitter dopamine; this deficiency results in the disturbances of muscle movement
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| positive symptoms | symptoms that add on to normal behavior; signs that are used to assist with the diagnosis of schizophrenia
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| schizoaffective disorder | disorder with symptoms similar to schizophrenia and mood disorders
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| schizophrenia | type of psychosis characterized by abnormal thoughts and thought processes, withdrawal from other people and the outside environment, and apparent preoccupation with one's own mental state
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| tardive dyskinesia | involuntary movements of facial muscles and the tongue that occur due to long-term antipsychotic therapy
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| acetylcholinesterase (AchE) | an enzyme that degrades acetylcholine within the synapse, enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter
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| Alzheimer's disease (AD) | most common dementia, characterized by loss of memory, confusion, disorientation, and loss of judgment; hallucinations and delusions may also occur
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| Dementia | degenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss, confusion, and the inability to think or communicate effectively
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| Dystonia | muscle spasm characterized by rigidity and abnormal, occasionally painful, movements or postures
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| multiple sclerosis (MS) | autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system; a condition in which antibodies slowly destroy tissues in the brain and spinal cord
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| neuromuscular blocking agents | drugs that bind to acetylcholine receptors, preventing contraction of skeletal muscle
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| parkinsonism | degenerative disorder of the nervous system caused by a deficiency of the brain neurotransmitter dopamine; this deficiency results in the disturbances of muscle movement
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| spasticity | condition in which certain muscle groups remain in a continuous contracted state
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| action potential | an electrical signal of a single cell (muscle or nerve) generated by the opening and closing of special ion channels located on the cell's membrane
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| Convulsions | uncontrolled muscle contractions or spasms that occur in the face, torso, arms, or legs
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| Eclampsia | condition in which seizures and/or a coma develop in a patient with preeclampsia
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| Epilepsy | disorder of the CNS characterized by seizures and/or convulsions
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| febrile seizures | abnormal state of neuronal discharge resulting from high fever
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| generalized seizures | seizures that travel throughout the entire brain on both sides
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| partial | seizures that start on one side of the brain and travel a short distance before stopping
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| partial (focal) seizures | seizures that start on one side of the brain and travel a short distance before stopping
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| pre-eclampsia | condition in which hypertension develops because of pregnancy or recent pregnancy. Hypertension is accompanied by proteinuria and/or edema
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| seizure | symptom of epilepsy characterized by abnormal neuronal discharges within the brain
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| status epilepticus | condition characterized by repeated seizures
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| analgesic | drug used to reduce or eliminate pain
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| aura | sensory cue such as bright lights, smells, or tastes that precede a migraine
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| Aδ fibers | nerves that transmit sensations of sharp pain
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| Bradykinin | chemical mediator of pain released following tissue damage
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| C fibers | nerves that transmit dull, poorly localized pain
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| cyclooxygenase (COX) | key enzyme in the prostaglandin metabolic pathway that is blocked by aspirin and other NSAIDs
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| endogenous opioids | chemicals produced naturally within the body that decrease or eliminate pain; they closely resemble the actions of morphine
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| migraine | severe headache preceded by auras that may include nausea and vomiting
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| narcotic | natural or synthetic drug related to morphine; may be used as a broader legal term referring to hallucinogens (LSD), CNS stimulants, marijuana, and other illegal drugs
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| nociceptor | receptor connected with nerves that receive and transmit pain signals to the spinal cord and brain
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| opiate | natural substance extracted from the poppy plant
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| opioid | natural or synthetic morphine-like substance obtained from the unripe seeds of the poppy plant
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| patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) | use of an infusion pump to deliver a prescribed amount of pain relief medication over a designated time
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| prostaglandins | chemicals released after tissue damage, leading to pain, inflammation, and other body reactions
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| substance P | neurotransmitter within the spinal cord involved in the neural transmission of pain
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| tension headache | common type of head pain caused by stress and relieved by nonnarcotic analgesics
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| amides | type of chemical linkage found in some local anesthetics involving carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen (—NH—CO—)
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| anesthesia | medical procedure involving drugs that block the transmission of nerve impulses and cause loss of sensation and/or consciousness
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| esters | type of chemical linkage found in some local anesthetics involving carbon and oxygen (—CO—O—)
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| general anesthesia | medical procedure that produces loss of sensation throughout the entire body and unconciousness
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| local anesthesia | loss of sensation to a relatively small part of the body without loss of consciousness
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| atherosclerosis | a buildup of fatty substances and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls
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| bile acid | chemicals secreted in bile that aid in the digestion of fats
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| high-density lipoprotein (HDL) | lipid-carrying particle in the blood that contains high amounts of protein and lower amounts of cholesterol; considered to be "good" cholesterol
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| HMG-CoA reductase | primary enzyme in the biochemical pathway for the synthesis of cholesterol
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| Hypercholesterolemia | high levels of cholesterol in the blood
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| Hyperlipidemia | excess amounts of lipids in the blood
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| Lecithin | phospholipid that is an important part of cell membranes
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| Lipoprotein | substance carrying lipids in the bloodstream
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| low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | lipid-carrying particle that contains lower amounts of protein and high amounts of cholesterol; considered to be "bad" cholesterol
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| phospholipid | type of lipid that contains two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a chemical backbone of glycerol
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| plaque | fatty material that builds up in the lining of blood vessels and may lead to hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, or angina
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| steroid | type of lipid that consists of four rings and comprises certain hormones and drugs
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| steroid nucleus | ring structure common to all steroids
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| therapeutic lifestyle changes | nondrug changes which, when implemented, can reduce blood cholesterol levels
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| triglyceride | type of lipid that contains three fatty acids and a chemical backbone of glycerol
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| very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) | lipid-carrying particle that is converted to LDL in the liver
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| aldosterone | hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that increases sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule of the kidney
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| angiotensin II | chemical released in response to falling blood pressure that causes vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone
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| angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | enzyme responsible for converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the kidneys to conserve water
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| baroreceptors | nerves located in the walls of the atria, aortic arch, vena cava, and carotid sinus that sense changes in blood pressure
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| bradycardia | a condition of slow heartbeat
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| calcium channel blocker (CCB) | a drug that blocks the flow of calcium ions into myocardial cells
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| cardiac output | amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute
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| diastolic pressure | blood pressure during the relaxation phase of heart activity
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| diuretic | drug that increases urine flow
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| electrolytes | charged substances in the blood, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphate
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| false neurotransmitter | chemical that simulates a natural neurotransmitter but does not produce the same physiologic effect
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| hyperkalemia | high potassium levels in the blood
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| hypertension (HTN) | high blood pressure
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| hypokalemia | low potassium levels in the blood
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| lumen | the cavity or channel of a hollow tube such as a blood vessel
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|
||||
| orthostatic hypotension | fall in blood pressure that occurs when someone changes position from recumbent to upright
🗑
|
||||
| peripheral resistance | the amount of friction encountered by blood as it travels through the vessels
🗑
|
||||
| reflex tachycardia | temporary speeding up of heart rate that occurs when blood pressure falls
🗑
|
||||
| renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | series of enzymatic steps by which the body raises blood pressure
🗑
|
||||
| secondary hypertension | high blood pressure caused as a result of another disorder
🗑
|
||||
| stepped care | a systematic approach to treatment of hypertension
🗑
|
||||
| systolic pressure | blood pressure during the contraction phase of heart activity
🗑
|
||||
| vasomotor center | area of the medulla that controls baseline blood pressure
🗑
|
||||
| afterload | pressure that must be overcome for the ventricles to eject blood from the heart
🗑
|
||||
| contractility | the strength by which the myocardial fibers contract
🗑
|
||||
| heart failure (HF) | disease in which the heart muscle cannot contract with sufficient force to meet the body's metabolic needs
🗑
|
||||
| inotropic effect | change in the strength or contractility of the heart
🗑
|
||||
| natriuretic peptide (hBNP) | hormone that increases the urinary excretion of sodium and dilates blood vessels
🗑
|
||||
| peripheral edema | swelling in the limbs, particularly the feet and ankles, due to an accumulation of interstitial fluid
🗑
|
||||
| phosphodiesterase | enzyme in muscle cells that cleaves phosphodiester bonds; its inhibition increases myocardial contractility
🗑
|
||||
| preload | degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers just before they contract
🗑
|
||||
| atrioventricular (AV) node | mass of cardiac tissue that receives electrical impulses from the SA node and conveys them to the ventricles
🗑
|
||||
| atrioventricular bundle | specialized cardiac tissue that receives electrical impulses from the AV node and sends them to the bundle branches also known as the bundle of His
🗑
|
||||
| automaticity | ability of certain myocardial cells to spontaneously generate an action potential
🗑
|
||||
| bundle branches | electrical conduction pathway in the heart leading from the AV bundle and through the wall between the ventricles
🗑
|
||||
| calcium ion channel | pathway in a plasma membrane through which calcium ions enter and leave
🗑
|
||||
| cardioversion/defibrillation | conversion of fibrillation to a normal heart rhythm
🗑
|
||||
| depolarization | condition in which the plasma membrane charge is changed such that the inside is made less negative
🗑
|
||||
| dysrhythmia | abnormality in cardiac rhythm
🗑
|
||||
| ectopic foci/pacemakers | cardiac tissue outside the normal cardiac conduction pathway that generates action potentials
🗑
|
||||
| electrocardiogram (ECG) | device that records the electrical activity of the heart
🗑
|
||||
| fibrillation | type of dysrhythmia in which the chambers beat in a highly disorganized manner
🗑
|
||||
| polarized | condition in which the inside of a cell is more negatively charged than the outside of the cell
🗑
|
||||
| potassium ion channel | pathway in a plasma membrane through which potassium ions enter and leave
🗑
|
||||
| Purkinje fibers | electrical conduction pathway leading from the bundle branches to all portions of the ventricles
🗑
|
||||
| refractory period | time during which the myocardial cells rest and are not able to contract
🗑
|
||||
| sinoatrial (SA) node | pacemaker of the heart located in the wall of the right atrium
🗑
|
||||
| sinus rhythm | number of beats per minute normally generated by the SA node
🗑
|
||||
| sodium ion channel | pathway in a plasma membrane through which sodium ions enter and leave
🗑
|
||||
| supraventricular | lying above the ventricles or in the atria
🗑
|
||||
| activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) | blood test used to determine how long it takes clots to form to regulate heparin dosage
🗑
|
||||
| angina pectoris | acute pain in the chest on physical or emotional exertion due to inadequate oxygen supply to the myocardium
🗑
|
||||
| anticoagulant | an agent that inhibits the formation of blood clots
🗑
|
||||
| clotting factors | substances contributing to the process of blood clotting
🗑
|
||||
| coagulation | the process of blood clotting
🗑
|
||||
| coagulation cascade | a complex series of steps by which blood flow stops
🗑
|
||||
| embolus | a blood clot carried in the bloodstream
🗑
|
||||
| fibrin | an insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin in the blood-clotting process
🗑
|
||||
| fibrinogen | blood protein converted to fibrin by the action of thrombin in the blood-clotting process
🗑
|
||||
| fibrinolysis | removal of a blood clot
🗑
|
||||
| glycoprotein IIb/IIIa | enzyme responsible for platelet aggregation
🗑
|
||||
| hemostasis | the slowing or stopping of blood flow
🗑
|
||||
| hemostatics | drugs used to prevent and treat excessive bleeding from surgical sites
🗑
|
||||
| international normalized ratio (INR) | laboratory value used to monitor the degree of blood anticoagulation during warfarin therapy
🗑
|
||||
| low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) | heparin-like drugs that inhibit blood clotting
🗑
|
||||
| plasmin | enzyme formed from plasminogen that dissolves blood clots
🗑
|
||||
| plasminogen | protein that prevents fibrin clot formation
🗑
|
||||
| prothrombin | blood protein converted to thrombin in the blood-clotting process
🗑
|
||||
| prothrombin time (PT) | blood test used to determine the time needed for plasma to clot, used to regulate warfarin dosage
🗑
|
||||
| thrombin | enzyme formed in coagulating blood from prothrombin; it converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which forms the basis of a blood clot
🗑
|
||||
| thromboembolic disorders | diseases associated with the formation of blood clots
🗑
|
||||
| thrombolytics | drugs used to dissolve existing blood clots
🗑
|
||||
| thrombus | blood clot
🗑
|
||||
| tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) | natural enzyme and a drug that dissolves blood clots
🗑
|
||||
| angina pectoris | acute pain in the chest on physical or emotional exertion due to inadequate oxygen supply to the myocardium
🗑
|
||||
| atherosclerosis | a buildup of fatty substances and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls
🗑
|
||||
| cerebrovascular accident/stroke | an acute condition of a blood clot or bleeding in a vessel in the brain
🗑
|
||||
| coronary arterial bypass graft (CABG) surgery | surgical procedure performed to restore blood flow to the myocardium by using a section of the saphenous vein or internal mammary artery to go around the obstructed coronary artery
🗑
|
||||
| coronary arteries | vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium
🗑
|
||||
| hemorrhagic stroke | type of stroke caused by bleeding from a blood vessel in the brain
🗑
|
||||
| myocardial infarction (MI) | medical emergency in which a blood clot blocks a portion of a coronary artery
🗑
|
||||
| myocardial ischemia | condition in which there is a lack of blood supply to the myocardium due to a constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel
🗑
|
||||
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | procedure by which a balloon-shaped catheter is used to compress fatty plaque against an arterial wall for the purpose of restoring normal blood flow
🗑
|
||||
| plaque | fatty material that builds up in the lining of blood vessels and may lead to hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, or angina
🗑
|
||||
| stable angina | type of angina that occurs in a predictable pattern, usually relieved by rest
🗑
|
||||
| thrombotic stroke | type of stroke caused by a blood clot blocking an artery in the brain
🗑
|
||||
| unstable angina | type of angina that occurs frequently with severe symptoms and which is not relieved by rest
🗑
|
||||
| vasospastic (Prinzmetal's) angina | type of angina in which decreased myocardial blood flow is caused by spasms of the coronary arteries
🗑
|
||||
| anaphylaxis | an acute allergic response to an antigen that results in severe hypotension and may cause death if untreated
🗑
|
||||
| antigen | a foreign organism or substance that induces the formation of antibodies
🗑
|
||||
| cardiogenic shock | type of shock caused when the heart is diseased such that it cannot maintain circulation to the tissues
🗑
|
||||
| colloids | type of IV fluid replacement solution consisting of large protein molecules that are unable to cross membranes
🗑
|
||||
| crystalloids | type of IV fluid replacement solution that resembles blood plasma and is capable of crossing membranes
🗑
|
||||
| hypovolemic shock | type of shock caused by loss of fluids such as occurs during hemorrhaging, extensive burns, or severe vomiting or diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| inotropic drug | medication that changes the force of contraction of the heart
🗑
|
||||
| neurogenic shock | type of shock resulting from brain or spinal cord injury
🗑
|
||||
| septic shock | type of shock caused by severe infection in the bloodstream
🗑
|
||||
| shock | condition in which there is inadequate blood flow to meet the body's needs
🗑
|
||||
| acidosis | condition of having too much acid; plasma pH below 7.35
🗑
|
||||
| aldosterone | hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that increases sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule of the kidney
🗑
|
||||
| alkalosis | condition of having too much base; plasma pH above 7.45
🗑
|
||||
| carbonic anhydrase | enzyme that forms carbonic acid by combining carbon dioxide and water
🗑
|
||||
| diuretic | drug that increases urine flow
🗑
|
||||
| electrolytes | charged substances in the blood, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphate
🗑
|
||||
| erythropoietin | hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production
🗑
|
||||
| filtrate | fluid in the nephron that is filtered at Bowman's capsule
🗑
|
||||
| hyperkalemia | high potassium levels in the blood
🗑
|
||||
| hypernatremia | high sodium level in the blood
🗑
|
||||
| hypokalemia | low potassium levels in the blood
🗑
|
||||
| hyponatremia | low levels of sodium in the blood
🗑
|
||||
| nephron | functional unit of the kidney
🗑
|
||||
| pH | a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
🗑
|
||||
| reabsorption | movement of substances from the kidney tubule back into the blood
🗑
|
||||
| renal failure | decrease in the kidneys' ability to maintain electrolyte and fluid balance and excrete waste products
🗑
|
||||
| secretion | movement of substances from the blood into the kidney tublule after filtration has occurred
🗑
|
||||
| active immunity | stimulating the body to produce antibodies through the administration of a vaccine
🗑
|
||||
| alternate-day therapy | taking a drug every other day in order to minimize adverse effects
🗑
|
||||
| anaphylaxis | an acute allergic response to an antigen that results in severe hypotension and may cause death if untreated
🗑
|
||||
| antibody | protein produced by the body in response to an antigen; used interchangeably with the term immunoglobulin
🗑
|
||||
| Antigen | a foreign organism or substance that induces the formation of antibodies
🗑
|
||||
| B cell | type of lymphocyte that is essential for the humoral immune response
🗑
|
||||
| biologic response modifiers | natural substances that are able to enhance or stimulate the immune system
🗑
|
||||
| boosters | an additional dose of a vaccine given months for years after the initial dose to increase the effectiveness of the vaccine
🗑
|
||||
| Cushing's syndrome | condition caused by excessive corticosteroid secretion by the adrenal glands or by overdosage with corticosteroid medication
🗑
|
||||
| cyclooxygenase (COX) | key enzyme in the prostaglandin metabolic pathway that is blocked by aspirin and other NSAIDs
🗑
|
||||
| cytokines | chemicals produced by white blood cells, such as interleukins, leukotrienes, interferon, and tumor necrosis factor, that guide the immune response
🗑
|
||||
| cytotoxic T cells | type of lymphocyte that directly attacks and destroys antigens
🗑
|
||||
| helper T cells | type of lymphocyte that coordinates both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and that is the target of the human immunodeficiency virus
🗑
|
||||
| histamine | chemical released by mast cells in response to an antigen; causes dilation of blood vessels, smooth muscle constriction, tissue swelling, and itching
🗑
|
||||
| humoral immunity | a specific body defense mechanism involving the production and release of antibodies
🗑
|
||||
| immunoglobulin (Ig) | protein produced by the body in response to an antigen; used interchangeably with the term antibody
🗑
|
||||
| immunosuppressant | any drug, chemical, or physical agent that lowers the natural immune defense mechanisms of the body
🗑
|
||||
| inflammation | nonspecific body defense that occurs in response to an injury or antigen
🗑
|
||||
| lymphocyte | type of white blood cell formed in lymphoid tissue
🗑
|
||||
| mast cells | connective tissue cell located in tissue spaces that releases histamine following injury
🗑
|
||||
| passive immunity | administration of antibodies; provides short-term immunity
🗑
|
||||
| plasma cells | type of cell derived from B cells that produces antibodies
🗑
|
||||
| salicylism | poisoning due to aspirin and aspirin-like drugs
🗑
|
||||
| T cells | type of lymphocyte that is essential for the cell-mediated immune response
🗑
|
||||
| Titer | measurement of the amount of a substance in the blood
🗑
|
||||
| Toxoid | toxin that has been chemically modified to remove its harmful nature but is still able to cause an immune response in the body
🗑
|
||||
| transplant rejection | when the immune system recognizes a transplanted tissue as being foreign and attacks it
🗑
|
||||
| vaccination/immunization | receiving a vaccine or toxoid to prevent disease
🗑
|
||||
| vaccine | preparation of microorganism particles that is injected into a patient to stimulate the immune system with the intention of preventing disease
🗑
|
||||
| acquired resistance | when a microbe is no longer affected by a drug following treatment with anti-infectives
🗑
|
||||
| antagonism | type of drug interaction in which one drug inhibits the effectiveness of another
🗑
|
||||
| anti-infective | general term for any medication effective against pathogens
🗑
|
||||
| antibiotic | substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits or kills other microorganisms
🗑
|
||||
| bacteriocidal | substance that has ability to kill bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| bacteriostatic | substance that can inhibit the growth of bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| beta-lactam ring | chemical structure found in most penicillins and some cephalosporins
🗑
|
||||
| beta-lactamase/penicillinase | enzyme present in certain bacteria that is able to inactivate many penicillins and some cephalosporins
🗑
|
||||
| broad-spectrum antibiotic | anti-infective that is effective against many different gram-positive and gram-negative organisms
🗑
|
||||
| chemoprophylaxis | use of a drug to prevent an infection
🗑
|
||||
| culture and sensitivity (C&S) testing | laboratory test used to identify bacteria and to determine which antibiotic is most effective
🗑
|
||||
| host flora | normal microorganisms found in or on a patient
🗑
|
||||
| mutations | permanent, inheritable changes to DNA
🗑
|
||||
| narrow-spectrum antibiotic | anti-infective that is effective agains only one or a small number of organisms
🗑
|
||||
| nephrotoxicity | an adverse effect on the kidneys
🗑
|
||||
| nosocomial infections | infections acquired in a health care setting such as a hospital, physician's office, or nursing home
🗑
|
||||
| ototoxicity | an adverse effect on hearing
🗑
|
||||
| pathogen | organism that is capable of causing disease
🗑
|
||||
| pathogenicity | ability of an organism to cause disease in humans
🗑
|
||||
| photosensitivity | condition that occurs when the skin is very sensitive to sunlight
🗑
|
||||
| plasmid | small piece of circular DNA found in some bacteria that is able to transfer resistance from one bacterium to another
🗑
|
||||
| red-man syndrome | rash on the upper body caused by certain anti-infectives
🗑
|
||||
| superinfections | condition caused when a microorganism grows rapidly as a result of having less competition in its environment
🗑
|
||||
| toxin | chemical produced by a microorganism that is able to cause injury to its host
🗑
|
||||
| tubercles | cavity-like lesions in the lung characteristic of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
🗑
|
||||
| virulence | the severity of disease that an organism in able to cause
🗑
|
||||
| antiretroviral | type of drug effective against retroviruses
🗑
|
||||
| capsid | protein coat that surrounds a virus
🗑
|
||||
| dermatophytic | superficial fungal infection
🗑
|
||||
| dysentery | severe diarrhea that may include bleeding
🗑
|
||||
| fungi | kingdom of organisms that includes mushrooms, yeasts, and molds
🗑
|
||||
| helminth | type of flat, round, or segmented worm
🗑
|
||||
| highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) | type of drug therapy for HIV infection that includes high doses of multiple medications that are given together
🗑
|
||||
| host | an organism that is being infected by a microbe
🗑
|
||||
| influenza | common viral infection of the respiratory system; often called flu
🗑
|
||||
| intracellular parasite | an infectious microbe that lives inside host cells
🗑
|
||||
| malaria | tropical disease characterized by severe fever and chills; caused by the protozoan Plasmodium
🗑
|
||||
| mycoses | diseases caused by fungi
🗑
|
||||
| protozoan | single-celled microorganism
🗑
|
||||
| reverse transcriptase | viral enzyme that converts RNA to DNA
🗑
|
||||
| superficial mycoses | fungal diseases of the hair, skin, nails, and mucous membranes
🗑
|
||||
| systemic mycoses | fungal diseases affecting internal organs
🗑
|
||||
| virus | nonliving particle containing RNA or DNA that is able to cause disease
🗑
|
||||
| yeast | type of fungus that is unicellular and divides by budding
🗑
|
||||
| adenoma | benign tumor of glandular tissue
🗑
|
||||
| adjuvant chemotherapy | technique in which antineoplastics are administered after surgery or radiation to effect a cure
🗑
|
||||
| alkylation | process by which certain chemicals attach to DNA and change its structure and function
🗑
|
||||
| alopecia | hair loss
🗑
|
||||
| anemia | shortage of functional red blood cells
🗑
|
||||
| benign | neither life-threatening nor fatal
🗑
|
||||
| biologic response modifiers | natural substances that are able to enhance or stimulate the immune system
🗑
|
||||
| cancer | malignant disease characterized by rapidly growing, invasive cells that spread to other regions of the body and eventually kill the host
🗑
|
||||
| carcinogen | any physical, chemical, or biological factor that causes or promotes cancer
🗑
|
||||
| chemotherapy | drug treatment of cancer
🗑
|
||||
| folic acid | B vitamin that is a coenzyme in protein and nucleic acid metabolism; also known as folate
🗑
|
||||
| glioma | malignant tumor of the brain
🗑
|
||||
| leukemia | cancer of the blood characterized by overproduction of white blood cells
🗑
|
||||
| lipoma | benign tumor of fat tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Liposomes | small sacs of lipids designed to carry drugs inside them
🗑
|
||||
| Lymphoma | cancer of lymphatic tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant | life threatening or fatal
🗑
|
||||
| Metastasis | travel of cancer cells from their original site to a distant tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Neoplasm | same as tumor; an abnormal swelling or mass
🗑
|
||||
| nitrogen mustards | class of chemicals that are alkylating agents
🗑
|
||||
| palliation | form of chemotherapy intended to alleviate symptoms rather than cure the disease
🗑
|
||||
| purine | building block of DNA and RNA, either adenine or guanine
🗑
|
||||
| pyrimidine | building block of DNA and RNA, either thymine or cytosine in DNA, and cytosine and uracil in RNA
🗑
|
||||
| taxanes | type of drug that blocks cell growth by stopping mitosis
🗑
|
||||
| topoisomerase | enzyme that assists in the repair of DNA damage
🗑
|
||||
| tumor | abnormal swelling or mass
🗑
|
||||
| tumor suppressor genes | genes that inhibit the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells
🗑
|
||||
| vinca alkaloids | chemicals obtained from the periwinkle plant
🗑
|
||||
| aerosol | suspension of small liquid droplets of drug, usually to cause bronchodilation
🗑
|
||||
| allergic rhinitis | syndrome of sneezing, itchy throat, watery eyes, and nasal congestion resulting from exposure to antigens; also known as hay fever
🗑
|
||||
| alveoli | dilated sacs at the end of the bronchial tree where gas exchange occurs
🗑
|
||||
| antitussive | drug used to suppress cough
🗑
|
||||
| asthma | chronic inflammatory disease of the airways
🗑
|
||||
| bronchi | primary passageway of the bronchial tree that contains smooth muscle
🗑
|
||||
| bronchioles | very small bronchi
🗑
|
||||
| bronchoconstriction | decrease in diameter of the airway due to contraction of bronchial smooth muscle
🗑
|
||||
| bronchodilation | increase in diameter of the airway due to relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
🗑
|
||||
| bronchospasm | rapid constriction of the airways
🗑
|
||||
| chronic bronchitis | chronic disease of the lungs characterized by excess mucus production and inflammation
🗑
|
||||
| dry powder inhaler (DPI) | device used to convert a solid drug to a fine powder for the purpose of inhalation
🗑
|
||||
| dry powder inhaler(DPI) | device used to convert a solid drug to a fine powder for the purpose of inhalation
🗑
|
||||
| dyspnea | shortness of breath
🗑
|
||||
| emphysema | terminal lung disease characterized by dilation of the alveoli
🗑
|
||||
| expectorant | drug used to increase bronchial secretions
🗑
|
||||
| H1-receptor blocker | drug that blocks the effects of histamine in smooth muscle in the bronchial tree
🗑
|
||||
| metered-dose inhaler (MDIs) | device used to deliver a precise amount of drug to the respiratory system
🗑
|
||||
| mucolytic | drug used to loosen thick mucus
🗑
|
||||
| nebulizer | device used to convert liquid drugs into a fine mist for the purpose of inhalation
🗑
|
||||
| perfusion | blood flow through a tissue or organ
🗑
|
||||
| rebound congestion | a condition of hypersecretion of mucus following use of intranasal sympathomimetics
🗑
|
||||
| respiration | exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
🗑
|
||||
| status asthmaticus | acute form of asthma requiring immediate medical attention
🗑
|
||||
| ventilation | process by which air is moved into and out of the lungs
🗑
|
||||
| alimentary canal | the hollow tube in the digestive system that starts in the mouth and includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
🗑
|
||||
| anorexia | loss of appetite
🗑
|
||||
| anorexiant | drug used to suppress appetite
🗑
|
||||
| antacid | drug that neutralizes stomach acid
🗑
|
||||
| antiemetic | drug that prevents vomiting
🗑
|
||||
| antiflatulent | drug that reduces gas formation in the GI tract
🗑
|
||||
| cathartic | drug that causes complete evacuation of the bowel
🗑
|
||||
| constipation | infrequent passage of abnormally hard and dry stools
🗑
|
||||
| Crohn's disease | chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the ileum and sometimes the colon
🗑
|
||||
| Defecation | evacuation of the colon; bowel movement
🗑
|
||||
| Diarrhea | abnormal frequency and liquidity of bowel movements
🗑
|
||||
| dietary fiber | substance neither digested nor absorbed that contributes to the fecal mass
🗑
|
||||
| digestion | process by which the body breaks down ingested food into small molecules that can be absorbed
🗑
|
||||
| emesis | vomiting
🗑
|
||||
| emetic | drug used to induce vomiting
🗑
|
||||
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | the regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus
🗑
|
||||
| H+, K+-ATPase | enzyme responsible for pumping acid onto the mucosal surface of the stomach
🗑
|
||||
| H2-receptor blocker | drug that inhibits the effects of histamine at its receptors in the GI tract
🗑
|
||||
| Helicobacter pylori | bacterium associated with a large percentage of peptic ulcer disease
🗑
|
||||
| pancreatic insufficiency | condition in which the pancreas is not secreting sufficient amounts of digestive enzymes, resulting in malabsorption syndromes
🗑
|
||||
| peptic ulcer | erosion of the mucosa in the alimentary canal, most commonly in the stomach duodenum
🗑
|
||||
| peristalsis | involuntary wave-like contraction that occurs in the alimentary canal
🗑
|
||||
| proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) | drug that inhibits the enzyme H+, K+-ATPase
🗑
|
||||
| ulcerative colitis | inflammatory bowel disease of the colon
🗑
|
||||
| Zollinger-Ellison syndrome | disorder of having excess acid secretion in the stomach
🗑
|
||||
| enteral nutrition | treatment of undernutrition by the oral route or through a feeding tube
🗑
|
||||
| hemoglobin | substance in a red blood cell that contains iron and transports oxygen and CO2
🗑
|
||||
| hypervitaminosis | excess intake of vitamins
🗑
|
||||
| intrinsic factor | chemical secreted by the stomach that is required for absorption of vitamin B12
🗑
|
||||
| major mineral | inorganic compound needed by the body in amounts of 100 mg or more daily
🗑
|
||||
| major mineral (macromineral) | inorganic compound needed by the body in amounts of 100 mg or more daily
🗑
|
||||
| pernicious (megaloblastic) anemia | type of anemia usually caused by lack of secretion of intrinsic factor
🗑
|
||||
| provitamin | an inactive chemical that is converted to a vitamin in the body
🗑
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| recommended dietary allowance (RDA) | amount of vitamin or mineral needed daily to avoid a deficiency in a healthy adult
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| total parenteral nutrition (TPN) | treatment of undernutrition through the parenteral infusion of dextrose, amino acids, emulsified fats, vitamins, and minerals
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| trace mineral | inorganic compound needed by the body in amounts of 20 mg or less daily
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| undernutrition | taking in or absorbing fewer nutrients than required for normal body growth and maintenance
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| vitamins | organic compounds required by the body in small amounts
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| Addison's disease | hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone by the adrenal cortex
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | hormone secreted by the pituitary that stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex
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| atrophy | shrinkage or wasting away of a tissue
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| cretinism | dwarfism and mental retardation caused by lack of thyroid hormone during infancy
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| Cushing's syndrome | condition caused by excessive corticosteroid secretion by the adrenal glands or by overdosage with corticosteroid medication
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| diabetes insipidus | excessive urination due to lack of secretion of antidiuretic hormone
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| diabetes mellitus, type 1 | disease characterized by lack of secretion of insulin by the pancreas that usually begins in the early teens
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| diabetes mellitus, type 2 | disease characterized by insufficient secretion of insulin by the pancreas or by lack of sensitivity of insulin receptors that usually begins in middle age
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| dwarfism | below normal height caused by a deficiency in thyroid hormone or growth hormone
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| follicular cells | cells in the thyroid gland that secrete thyroid hormone
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| glucocorticoid | type of hormone secreted by the outer portion of the adrenal gland that includes cortisol
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| Graves' disease | syndrome caused by hypersection of thyroid hormone
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| Hormones | chemicals secreted by endocrine glands that act as chemical messengers to affect homeostasis
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| Hyperglycemia | abnormally high level of glucose in the blood
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| Hypoglycemia | abnormally low level of glucose in the blood
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| Hypothalamus | region of the brain that affects emotions and drives and that secretes releasing factors that affect the pituitary gland
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| Incretin | a group of drugs that boost the action of gastrointestinal hormones, which stimulate the pancreas to release insulin after a meal before blood glucose levels can become too elevated
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| incretin enhancers | a group of drugs that boost the action of gastrointestinal hormones, which stimulate the pancreas to release insulin after a meal before blood glucose levels can become too elevated
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| islets of Langerhans | clusters of cells in the pancreas responsible for the secretion of insulin and glucagon; also called the pancreatic islets
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| ketoacids | waste products of fat metabolism that lower the pH of the blood
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| mineralocorticoid | hormone involved in the regulation of fluid and electrolytes by its effects in the kidney
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| myxedema | condition caused by insufficient secretion of thyroid hormone
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| parafollicular cells | cells in the thyroid gland that secrete calcitonin
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| pituitary gland | endocrine gland in the brain responsible for controlling many other endocrine glands
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| releasing factors | hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that affect secretions in the pituitary gland
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| somatotropin | another name for growth hormone
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| vasopressin | another name for antidiuretic hormone
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| amenorrhea | lack of normal menstrual periods
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| androgens | steroid sex hormones that promote the appearance of masculine characteristics
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| antepartum | prior to the onset of labor
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| benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) | nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland
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| breakthrough bleeding | bleeding at abnormal times during the menstrual cycle
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| corpus cavernosum | tissue in the penis that fills with blood during an erection
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| dysfunctional uterine bleeding | hemorrhage that occurs at abnormal times or in abnormal quantity during the menstrual cycle
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| endometrium | inner lining of the uterus
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| estrogen | class of steroid sex hormones produced by the ovary
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| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that regulates sperm or egg production
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| hypogonadism | below normal secretion of the steroid sex hormones
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| hysterectomy | surgical removal of the uterus
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| impotence | inability to obtain or sustain an erection; also called erectile dysfunction
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| libido | interest in sexual activity
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| lutinizing hormone (LH) | hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that triggers ovulation in the female and stimulates sperm production in the male
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| menopause | time when females stop secreting estrogen and menstrual cycles cease
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| menorrhea | prolonged or excessive menstruation
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| oligomenorrhea | infrequent menstruation
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| ovulation | release of an egg by the ovary
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| oxytocin | hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection
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| postpartum | occurring after childbirth
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| progesterone | hormone responsible for building up the uterine lining in the second half of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy
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| prolactin | hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands
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| tocolytic | drug used to inhibit uterine contractions
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| virulization | appearance of masculine secondary sex characteristics
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| acute gouty arthritis | condition where uric acid crystals quickly accumulate in the joints of the big toes, heels, ankles, wrists, fingers, knees, or elbows, resulting in red, swollen, or inflamed tissue
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| autoantibodies | proteins called rheumatoid factors released by B lymphocytes; these tear down the body's own tissue
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| bisphosphonates | family of drugs that block bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast activity
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| bone deposition | the opposite of bone resorption; the process of depositing mineral components into bone
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| bone resorption | process of bone demineralization or the breaking down of bone into mineral components
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| calcifediol | intermediate form of vitamin D
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| calcitonin | treatment typically administered to women who cannot take estrogen or bisphosphonate therapy or for clients with Paget's disease
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| calcitriol | substance that is transformed in the kidneys during the second step of the conversion of vitamin D to its active form
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| cholecalciferol | inactive form of vitamin D
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| disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) | agents that reduce destruction of the joints and progression of rheumatoid arthritis
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| gout | metabolic disorder characterized by the accumulation of uric acid in the bloodstream or joint cavities
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| osteoarthritis (OA) | disorder characterized by degeneration of joints such as the fingers, spine, hips, and knees
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| osteomalacia | rickets in children; disease characterized by softening of the bones without alteration of basic bone structure
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| osteoporosis | condition in which bones become brittle and susceptible to fracture
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| Paget's disease | disorder characterized by weak, enlarged, and abnormal bones
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| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of multiple joints
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| selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMS) | drugs that directly produce an action similar to estrogen in body tissues; used for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
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| closed comedones | commonly called whiteheads, this type of acne develops just beneath the surface of the skin
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| dermatitis | inflammatory condition of the skin characterized by itching and scaling
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| eczema | also called atopic dermatitis, a skin disorder with unexplained symptoms of inflammation, itching, and scaling
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| emollients | agents used to soothe and soften the skin
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| erythema | redness associated with skin irritation
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| keratinization | development of the stratum corneum or horny layer of epithelial tissue
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| keratolytic agents | drugs used to promote shedding of old skin
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| open comedones | type of acne in which sebum has plugged the oil gland; commonly called blackheads
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| papules | inflammatory bumps without pus that swell, thicken, and become painful
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| pediculicides | medications that kill lice
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| pruritus | itching associated with dry, scaly skin
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| psoralen | drug used along with phototherapy for the treatment of psoriasis and other severe skin disorders
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| pustules | inflammatory bumps with pus
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| retinoids | vitamin A-like compounds used in the treatment of severe acne and psoriasis
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| retinol | chemical name for vitamin A
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| rosacea | skin disorder characterized by clusters of papules
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| scabicides | drugs that kill scabies and mites
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| scabies | skin disorder caused by the female mite burrowing into the skin and laying eggs
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| seborrhea | condition characterized by overactivity of oil glands
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| closed-angle glaucoma | called acute glaucoma, this type of glaucoma is caused by the iris blocking trabecular meshwork, hindering outflow of aqueous fluid
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| cycloplegia | blurred vision
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| cycloplegic drug | drugs that relax or temporarily paralyze ciliary muscles
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| external otitis | commonly called swimmer's ear, this is inflammation of the outer ear
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| mastoiditis | inflammation of the mastoid sinus
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| miosis | constriction of the pupil
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| miotics | drugs that cause pupil constriction
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| mydriasis | dilation of the pupil
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| mydriatic drugs | drugs that cause pupil dilation
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|
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| open-angle glaucoma | also called chronic simple glaucoma, this type of glaucoma is caused by congestion in trabecular meshwork, hindering outflow of aqueous fluid
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|
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| otitis media | inflammation of the middle ear
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|
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| tonometry | technique for measuring eye tension and pressure
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|
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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