Cardiovascular system Part 1
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| Angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o | vessel
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| Aort/o | aorta
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| Arteri/o | artery
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| Ather/o | fatty (lipid) paste
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| Atri/o | atrium
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| Cardi/o | heart
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| Coron/o | circle or crown
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| My/o | muscle
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| Pector/o | chest
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| Steth/o | chest
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| Sphygm/o | pulse
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| Thromb/o | clot
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| Ven/o | vein
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| Phleb/o | vein
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| Varic/o | swollen, twisted vein
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| Ventricul/o | ventricle(belly or pouch)
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| Cardiovascular system | heart and blood vessels that transport blood throughout the body
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| Heart | muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
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| Name the 4 chambers of the heart | Right Atrium, Left Atrium(Upper chambers) Right ventricle, Left ventricle(Lower chambers)
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| Septum | partition that divides the heart into right and left portions
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| Interatrial septum | What the Atria (atriums) are separated by
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| Interventricular septum | What the ventricles are separated by
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| Name the 3 layers of the heart | endocardium,myocardium,epicardium
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| Endocardium | membrane lining the interior cavities of heart
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| Myocardium | thick muscular layer of heart
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| Epicardium | outer membrane of heart
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| Pericardium | loose outer membrane of the heart that surrounds,protects and encloses
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| Blood | transports essential elements within the body
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| Blood is circulated throught the body in | arteries, arterioles,capillaries,venules and veins
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| Deoxygenated blood returning from circulation in the body enters | heart through superior vena cava, inferior vena cava into right atrium
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| Right atrial contraction | pushes blood through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
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| Right ventricle contraction | pushes blood through pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary artery
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| Pulmonary artery | carries blood through two branches, to lungs and on through pulmonary circulation.
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| Pulmonary circulation | network of arteries, capillaries, air sacs and veins in lungs-gives off carbon dioxide
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| Pulmonary veins | oxygenated blood returns to heart into left atrium
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| Left atrial contraction | pushes blood through mitral(bicuspid valve) into left ventricle
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| Left ventricle contraction | pushes blood through aortic valve through the aorta blood then carried to all body through systemic circulation.
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| Systemic circulation | blood that is carried by arteries, arterioles,capillaries and veins to provide transport for oxygen and nutrients.
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| Right side of the heart | handles deoxygenated blood (NO O2)
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| Left side of the heart | handles oxygenated blood (O2)
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| 1st organ to receive O2 blood via coronary circulation | heart
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| Right and Left coronary arteries | branch from the aorta, divide to distribute blood evenly throughout entire heart
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| Visceral | pertains to organs
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| Arteries, arterioles, capillaries | carry oxygenated blood(O2)
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| Venules, veins | carry deoxygenated blood (Carbon Dioxide)
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| Atrium | upper right and left chambers of the heart
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| Endocardium | membrane lining the cavities of the heart
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| Epicardium | membrane forming the outer layer of the heart
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| Interatrial septum | partition between right and left atrium
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| Interventricular septum | partition between right and left ventricle
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| Myocardium | heart muscle
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| Pericardium | protective sac around heart has two layers with fluid between
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| Parietal pericardium | outer layer(parietal=pertaining to wall)
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| Pericardial cavity | fluid filled cavity between pericardial layers
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| Visceral pericardium | layer closest to the heart(visceral=pertaining to organ)
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| Ventricle | lower right and left chambers of the heart
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| Heart valves | structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one way flow of blood.
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| Aortic valve | heart valve between left ventricle and aorta
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| Mitral or bicuspid valve | heart valve between the left atrium and left ventricle (cuspis=point)
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| Mitral | stems from Latin mitre referring to cap or headband
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| Pulmonary semilunar valve | heart valve opening from right ventricle to pulmonary artery(luna=Moon)
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| Tricuspid valve | valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
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| Valves of the veins | valves located at intervals within lining of veins, especially legs, which constrict muscle action to move blood returning to the heart
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| Arteries | vessels that carry blood FROM the heart to the arterioles
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| Aorta | large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle
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| Arterioles (CO2) | CO2 small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
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| Capillaries (CO2) | CO2 tiny vessels that join aterioles and venules
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| Venules (NO CO2) | NO CO2 small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
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| Veins (NO CO2) | NO CO2 vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules
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| Systemic circulation | circulation of blood throughout the body through arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
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| Coronary circulation | circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
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| Pulmonary circulation | circulation of blood ffrom pulmonary artery through vesels in lungs and back to heart via pulmonary vein providing for the exchange of gases
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| Blood Pressure | force exerted by circulating blood by walls of arteries, veins and heart chambers (pressure determined by blood, space within arterial walls and force of heart contractions.Measured in period of contraction(systole)and period of relaxtion(diastole)of hear
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| Diastole | to expand,period in the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria
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| Sytole | to contract, period in the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and pulmonary artery
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| Normotension | normal blood pressure
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| Hypotension | low blood pressure 70/40
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| Hypertension | high blood pressure 140/90
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| Capillary | Latin term meaning a hair of the head(capillus)caput=head pilus=hair Leonardo DaVinci first mentioned the capillary(a very fine tube)
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| Cardiac conduction | makes movement of blood through heart possible.
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| Cardiac cycle | repeated action of the heart during which an electrical impulseis conducted from the sinoatrial node to t he atrioventricular node to the bundle of His, to left and right bundle branches to perjinke fibers causing contraction of heart and blood circulatio
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| Sinoatrial node | SA node the pacemaker of the heart, specialized neurological tissue embedded in wall of right atrium, initiates electrical conduction of heartbeat causing atria to contract and firing conduction impulses to AV node.
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| Atrioventricular node | AV node neurological tissue in center of heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from SA node to bundle of His.
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| Bundle of His | neurological fibers, extending from AV node to right and left bundle branches that fire impulses from AV node to Purkinje fibers.
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| Purkinje fibers(network) | fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to right and left ventricles, causing them to contract
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| Polarization | resting, resting state of a myocardial cell
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| Depolarization | change of myocardial cell from polarization(resting) to state of contraction(de=not polarization=resting)
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| Repolarization | recharging of myocardial cell from a contracted stateback to resting state (re=again polarization=resting)
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| Normal sinus rhythm | NSR regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by SA node. Average rate of 60-100 beats a minute
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| Hypoxia | abnormally low oxygen availability to the body or an individual tissue or organ.
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| Hypoxemia | abnormal deficiency in the concentration of oxygen in arterial blood
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| Arteriosclerosis | thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification(hardening) of the arterial walls
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| Atherosclerosis | buildup of fatty substances within walls of arteries
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| Atheromatous plaque | swollen area within artery lining caused by fat(lipid) buildup
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| Thrombus | stationary blood clot
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| Embolus | a clot (air, fat, foreign object) carried in bloodstream that obstructs when it lodges. Embolus (a stopper)
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| Stenosis | narrowing of a part
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| Constriction | compression of a part
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| Occlusion | plugging, obstruction or closing off
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| Ischemia | to hold back blood, decreased blood flow to a tissue caused by occlusion or constriction of blood vessel.
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| Perfusion deficit | lack of flow through blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion,etc.
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| Infarct | to stuff, localized area of necrosis caused by ischemia as a result of blood vessel occlusion
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| Angina pectoris | chest pain caused by temporary loss of oxgenated blood to heart muscle.Caused by narrowing of coronary arteries(angina=to choke)
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| Aneurysm | widening, bulging of heart wall, the aorta, or artery caused by congenital defect or acquired weakness.
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| Saccular | saclike bulge on one side
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| Fusiform | spindle shaped bulge
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| Dissecting | split or tear of vessel wall
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| Claudication | to limp, pain in a limb especially calf, while walking that subsides after rest caused by inadequate blood supply.
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| Diaphoresis | profuse sweating
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| Heart murmur | abnormal sound from heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves
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| Palpitation | subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats
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| Vegetation | to grow, an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally result of infection like bacterial endocarditis.
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| Arrythmia | any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
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| Dysrhythmia | any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
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| Bradycardia | slow heart rate
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| Fibrillation | chaotic, irregular contractions of heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation
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| Flutter | extremely rapid but regular contractions of heart as in atrial or ventricular flutter typically 250-350 beats a minute
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| Heart block | an interference with the normal electrical conduction of the heart defined by location of block.
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| Premature ventricular contractionPVC | ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulseinitiated by SA node(pacemaker)
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| Tachycardia | fast heart rate >100 beats a minute
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| Arterisclerotic heart disease (ASHD) | degenerative condition of arteries charachterized by thickening of inner lining, loss of elasticity and susceptibility to rupture seen most often in aged or smokers.
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| Bacterial endocarditis | bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or heart valves
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| Cardiac tamponade | compression of heart produced by accumulation of fluid in the percardial sac as results from pericarditis or trauma causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart (tampon=a plug)
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| Cardiomyopathy | general term for disease of heart muscle
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| Congenital anomaly of the heart | malformations of the heart present at birth (anomaly=irregularity)
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| Atrial septal defectASD | opening in septum seperating the atria
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| Coarctation of the aorta | narrowing of descending portion of aorta resulting in limited blood flow to lower part of body.
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| Patent ductus arteriosus | abnormal opening between pulmonary artery and aorta caused by failure of fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth (patent=open)
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| Tetralogy of Fallot | (french) anomaly with 4 defects, pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, malposition of aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy causes blood to bypass pulmonary circulation so that deoxygenated blood goes into systemic circulation resulting in cyanosi
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| Ventricular septal defect VSD | an opening in the septum seperating the ventricles.
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| Congestive heart failure CHF | failure of left ventricle to pump adequate blood to meet the demands of body resulting in bottleneck of congestion in lungs that may extend to veins causing edema in lower body.( Left ventricle failure)(most common in elderly)
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| Cor pulmonale (right ventricular failure) | condition of enlargement of the right ventricle as a result of chronic disease within lungs that causes congestion within pumonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to lungs(cor=heart)
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| coronary artery disease | CAD condition affecting arteries of heart that reduces blood flow and delivery of oxygen and nutrients to myocardium
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| mitral valve prolapse | MVP protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood.
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| myocardial infarction | MI heart attack, death if myocardial tissue
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| myocarditis | inflammation of the myocardium caused by viral or bacterial infection
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| pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium
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| phlebitis | inflammation of a vein
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| rheumatic heart disease | damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever (streptococcal infection)
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| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation
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| varicose veins | abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves, most often seen in legs
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| deep vein thrombosis | DVT formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occuring most often in the femoral and illiac veins
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| auscultation | physical examination method of listening to sounds within the body with aid of a stethoscope
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| bruit | noise, an abnormal heart sound caused by turbulence within
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| gallop | abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse related to abnormal ventricular contraction
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| electrocardiogram | ECG or EKG electrical picture of heart represented by positve and negative deflections on a graph labeled with letters PQRS and T, corresponding with events of teh cardiac cycle
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| stress electrocardiogram | an ECG of heart recorded during induction of controlled physical exercise
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| Holter ambulatory monitor | portable ECG worn by patient that monitors electrical activity of heart over 24 hours.
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| intracardiac electrophsiological study EPS | invasive procedure involving catheter guided electrodes within heart to evaluate and map electrical conduction of cardiac arrhythmias cathater ablation may be performed at the same time
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