Exam 4: Cardiovascular System Key Terms
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| Aneurysm | A localized dilation of the wall of a blood vessel
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| Angina Pectoris | Paroxysmal thoracic chest pain, pressure, and choking feeling caused by decreased oxygen to the myocardium.
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| Arteriosclerosis | arterial disorder characterized by LOSS OF ELASTICITY, THICKENING, AND CALCIFICATION OF THE ARTERIAL WALLS
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| Atherosclerosis | arterial disorder characterized by YELLOWISH PLAQUES OF CHOLESTEROL, LIPIDS, AND CELLULAR DEBRIS in the inner layers of the walls of arteries
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| Bradycardia | slow heart rhythm characterized by a pulse LESS THAN 60 BPM
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| Cardioversion | restoration of a heart's normal sinus rhythm by delivery of a SYNCHRONIZED ELECTRIC SHOCK through two paddles placed on the patient's chest.
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| Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | Conditions that obstruct blood flow in the coronary arteries.
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| Defibrillation | Converting ventricular fibrillation by delivering a direct electrical COUNTER SHOCK to the pericardium. "Pausing the heart".
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| Dysrhythmia | An abnormal cardiac rhythm; also called an arrhythmia
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| Embolus | a foreign object, blood clot, fat air or amniotic fluid in the bloodstream that becomes lodged in a blood vessel
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| Endarterectomy | Surgical removal of the intimal lining of an artery.
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| Heart Failure | Syndrome of circulatory congestive due to the heart's inability to act as an effective pump.
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| Hypoxemia | An abnormal deficiency of oxygen in the arterial blood
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| Intermittent Claudication | Weakness of the legs accompanied by "cramp-like pain" in the calves caused by decreased ARTERIAL BLOOD circulation in the legs
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| Ischemia | DECREASED BLOOD SUPPLY to a body organ or part; often marked by pain and organ dysfunction
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| Myocardial Infarction (MI) | Necrosis of a portion of the cardiac muscle caused by an occlusion of a major coronary artery or one of its branches.
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| Occlusion | An obstruction or closing off in a canal, vessel or passage of the body.
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| Orthopnea | Patient must sit-up or stand to breathe deeply and comfortably
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| Peripheral | Pertaining to the outside, surface or surrounding area
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| Pleural Effusion | An accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity between the visceral and parietal layers
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| Polycythemia | An abnormal increase in the number of RBCs in the blood.
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| Pulmonary Edema | Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli; most commonly caused by left-sided heart failure.
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| Tahcycardia | a heart rate of GREATER THAN 100 BPM
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| Heart | Four-chambered, hollow, muscular organ, MEDIASTINAL SPACE.
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| Apex | Lower border of the heart
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| Base | Upper border of the heart
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| Three Layers of the Heart Wall | Pericardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
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| Pericardium | a 2 part membrane that comprises the outside layer of the heart (Pericardium & Epicardium)
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| Myocardium | Constructed of cardiac muscle
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| Endocardium | Lines the inner surface os the chambers of the heart
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| Chambers of the heart | Right Atrium (RA) & Right Ventricle (RV)
Left Atrium (LA) & Left Ventricle (LV)
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| Heart Valves | Atrioventricular (AV) Valves & Semilunar Valves
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| Atrioventricular (AV) Valves | Tricuspid Valve & Mitral Valve
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| Mitral Valve | Between LA & LV
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| Tricuspid Valve | Between RA & RV
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| Semilunar Valves | Pulmonary Vlave & Aortic Valve
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| Right Atrium (RA) | the upper right chamber; receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the VENA CAVA, and from the heart via the CORONARY SINUS
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| Right Ventricle (RV) | the lower chamber; receives blood from the right atrium through the TRICUSPID VALVE. Pumps blood to the lungs through the PULMONIC VALVE via the PULMONARY ARTERIES.
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| Left Atrium (LA) | Upper left chamber; receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the PULMONARY VEINS
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| Left Ventricle (LV) | Lower left chamber; recieves blood from the atrium though the MITRAL VALVE. Most muscular section of the heart pumps oxygenated blood though the AORTIC VALVE to all parts of the body.
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| Blood Vessels | Arteries, Capillaries, Veins
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| Arteries | Vessels carrying blood away from the heart
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| Capillaries | Tiny blood vessels joining arterioles and venules.
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| Veins | Vessels that carries blood to the heart
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| Pulmonary Circulation | Artery->Arteriole->Capillary->Venule->Vein
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| Systemic Circulation (Blood) | Circulates blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body and back to the right atrium.
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| Systemic Circulation (Oxygen) | Carries oxygen and nutrients to all body tissues and removes products of metabolism.
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| Pulmonary Circulation (Blood) | Circulates blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart.
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| Pulmonary Circulation (Oxygen) | Carries de-oxygenated blood to the lungs to be re-oxygenated and removes the metabolic waste product, carbon dioxide.
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| Automaticity | An inherent ability of the heart muscle tissue to contract in a rhythmic pattern.
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| Irritability | The ability of the heart muscle tissue to respond to a stimulus.
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| Sinoatrial (SA) Node | Located in the superior portion of the RA, "Pacemaker" of the heart, causes contraction of the atria.
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| Atrioventricular (AV) Node | Located in the part (Base) of the RA, short delay in transmission of impulses at AV node.
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| Bundle of His (Atrioventricular Bundle) | Inter-ventricular septum w/ branches extending to all parts of the ventricle walls. Divides into L & R bundle branches, which divide into smaller branches called Purkinje Fibers.
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| Perkinje Fibers | Surround the vertricles and causes contraction of the ventricles.
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| Complete Heartbeat | Complete diastole and systole of both atria and ventricles constitute a cardiac cycle.
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| Systole | Phase of contraction: Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves, this produces th "lubb" sound (S1) of the heart sounds.
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| Diastole | Phase of relaxation: closeure of the pulmonic and aortic valves, this produces the "dubb" sound (S2) of the heart sounds
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