31-40

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Answer

Date

Frederick II/Frederick the Great

became king of Prussia in ____; a literarily inclined, “Enlightened,” freethinking monarch

1740

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Cardinal Fleury

leader of France during the wars of the ______

mid-1700s

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Maria Theresa

Austrian Habsburg ruler; proved to be very capable; forced to defend against Frederick II when he invades Silesia

1740–80

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Count Kaunitz

Maria Theresa’s foreign minister who allied Austria with France, thus engineering the “reversal of alliances” in ______

1756

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General Wolfe

led force that took Quebec in _____

1759

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Dupleix

French; exploited economic possibilities in India in _____ via “sepoys”

1748

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Robert Clive

British; tried to remove French from India from ______

1756 to 1774

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Duke of Choiseul

French negotiator for the peace of ____

1763

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War of the Austrian Succession

1740 to

1748

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Seven Years’ War

1756 to

1763

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Pragmatic Sanction

stipulated that all domains of the Austrian Habsburgs should be inherited intact by Maria Theresa

1713

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peace of Aix-la-Chapelle

gave Belgium to Austria, Silesia to Prussia

1748

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Silesia

populous, heavily German, highly contested, and most industrially advanced region east of Elbe; Austrian holding invaded by Prussia in _______

1740

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Diplomatic Revolution of _____

big ‘ol switcheroo of alliances: France w/ Austria, Britain w/ Prussia

1756

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peace of Hubertusburg

Austro-Prussian peace treaty at end of Seven Years’ War; Prussia retained Silesia

1763

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Sepoys

clienteles of native rulers in India under obligation to foreign interests

(blank)

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battle of Plassey

British victory vs. local ruler in India; secured British interests

(blank)

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peace of Paris

with peace of Hubertusburg, ended the Seven Years’ War

1763

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Leonardo da Vinci

universal genius of he Italian Renaissance; artist, engineer, and scientific thinker but known as an artist

1452-1519

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Montaigne

French essayist and skeptic whose question was “Que sais-je?”, or “What do I know?,” the implied answer was “nothing”

1533-1592

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Francis Bacon

leading philosopher of empiricism and advocate of inductive method; emphasized the usefulness of knowledge, leading to concept of “progress”; Lord Chancellor of England; not mathematician so no influence on concrete science, just thought

1561-1626

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Instauratio Magna

by Bacon

1620-1627

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Discourse on Method

by Decarte

1637

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De Humani Corporis Fabrica

by Vesalius

1543

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On the Movement of the Heart and Blood

by William Harvey

1628

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Malpighi

discovered capillaries in _______

1661

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Régnier de Graff

discovered the female ovaries

(blank)

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Napier

invented logarithms in ____

1614

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Isaac Newton and Leibniz

calculus was simultaneously invented by

(blank)

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On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs

by Nicholas Copernicus

1473-1543

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Johannes Kepler

discovered that the orbits of the plants were elliptical and the plants move faster as they approach the sun.

(blank)

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Galileo

In ____discovered that falling bodied fall at the same rate within a vacuum. In ____, through his telescope, perceived that the moon had a rough surface, as if made of the same kind of material as the earth and that the moon itself was not luminous.

1591,1609

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Isaac Newton

universal gravitation, brought Kepler’s laws of planetary motion and Galileo’s findings of terrestrial motion together as one and the same

(blank)

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Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

by Isaac Newton

1687

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Denis Papin

invented a devise in which steam moved a piston

(blank)

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Robert Boyle

discovered “____'s Law” on the pressure of gases and is considered the first to have disputed the long accepted fact that there only existed four elements

(blank)

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James Watt

developed the steam engine

(blank)

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On the Cannibals

by Montaigne

(blank)

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Thoughts on the Comet and Historical and Critical Dictionary

by Pierre Bayle

(blank)

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On Diplomatics

by Jean Mabillon

(blank)

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DuCange

published dictionary of medieval Latin for document translation

(blank)

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James Usher

determined the “date of creation” as 4004 b.c. based on Bible

(blank)

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Critical History of Old Testament

by Richard Simon

(blank)

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Two Treatises of Government, Essay Concerning the Human Understanding, Reasonableness of Christianity, and Letter on Toleration

by John Locke

(blank)

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Julian Calender revised

Gregorian calendar

(blank)

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Law of War and Peace

by Hugh Grotius

1625

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Law of Nature and of Nations

by Samuel Pufendorf

1672

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Leviathan

by Thomas Hobbes

1651

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Locke's Natural Rights

the rights to life, liberty, and property

(blank)

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J.S. Bach

wrote church music , fugues, part of religious fervor

1720s

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Handel

wrote The Messiah (___), part of religious fervor

1741

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J.C. Lavater

physiognomy

(blank)

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John Wesley

Methodist leader

(blank)

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On the Mind and On Man

by Helvétius

(blank)

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Sophie Condorcet

her salon eventually became center of liberal opposition to Napoleon, writer and translator of Adam Smith

(blank)

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Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind

by Condorcet

(blank)

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Germaine de Staël

hosted salons, writer, deplored the subordination of women

1751-1772

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Encyclopédie

edited by Denis Diderot

(blank)

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Joseph II of Austria, Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great

"enlightened monarchs"

(blank)

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Bishop Warburton

led Church of England as a social institution

(blank)

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David Hume

skeptical philosopher

1711-1776

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Dr. Samuel Johnson

compiled a new dictionary of the English language

(blank)

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The Spirit of Laws

by Montesquieu

1748

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Arts and Sciences, Origin of Inequality Among Men, Social Contract, Considerations on Poland, Emile, Nouvelle Héloïse

by Rousseau

(blank)

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Physiocrats

men who wanted fiscal and tax reform and measures to increase the national wealth of France, opposed guild reform, used the term laissez-faire strong government to overcome traditional obstruction and to provide inducement to establish new industries

(blank)

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Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

1776

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Pietism

Lutherans in Germany were stirred by this movement, which stressed the inner spiritual experience of ordinary persons

(blank)

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Louis XV

French king. Fancied himself enlightened, but he was merely ineffective. He attempted to control the nobles by introducing new taxes and creating Marpeau parlements, but had only limited success.

(blank)

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Louis XVI

French king. He was weak and caved to noble pressure. He failed to control nobles, and he repealed the Marpeau parlements. Nasty incident with a guillotine.

(blank)

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Turgot

French minister of finance. He was a physiocrat, philosophe, and economic genius. Wanted to reshape tax system and abolish guilds, but he was dismissed by the parlement of paris.

(blank)

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Maria Theresa

She worked hard to centralize the diverse Austrian empire. She welded provinces together, created a civil service, and made a huge tariff union. In general, she made the wise decision to leave Bohemia alone. She made large steps towards helping serfs.

1740-1780

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Joseph II

Radically enlightened leader. He forced all the provinces to speak German, insisted on equality of taxes and religious tolerance, and tried to force a unified empire. He employed a secret service. He attempted huge gains for serfs. Nobles= :(

1780-1790

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Vingtieme

French tax instated by Louis XV, which attempted to tax all classes equally. Based on income from property.

(blank)

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Maupeau Parlements

Effort under Louis XV to disband the semi-feudal parlements and replace them with government-salaried judges. Ultimately, the Maupeau parlements were destroyed by noble resistance.

(blank)

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Greek Project’

Developed in the 1772 war with Turkey where Catherine planned to replace the Muslims of the area with members of the Greek Orthodox Church. This plan never came to fruition.

(blank)

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Peace Treaty

Catherine signed this with the Turks in 1774 and the sultan ceded the rights over the Tartan principalities on the north coast of the Black Sea.

(blank)

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