Chapters 14, 15, and 16 of Freshman Honors Biology
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| biogenesis | principle stating that all living things come from other living things
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| spontaneous generation | process in which living things supposedly arose from nonliving things
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| radiometric dating | techniques of methods for establishing the age of materials
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| isotopes | atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain
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| mass number | total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus in an isotope
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| radioactive decay | when isotopes' nuclei release particles or radiant energy, or both, until the nuclei become stable
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| half-life | the length of time it takes for one-half of any size sample of an isotope to decay to a stable form
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| microspheres | structures which are spherical in shape and are composed of many protein molecules that are organized as a membrane
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| coacervates | collections of droplets that are composed of molecules of different types, including lipids, amino acids, and sugars
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| ribozyme | an RNA molecule that can act as a catalyst and promote a specific chemical reaction
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| archaea | related group of unicellular organisms, many of which thrive under extremely harsh environmental conditions
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| chemosynthesis | process of obtaining energy by using inorganic substances instead of organic ones as in photosynthesis
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| cyanobacteria | a group of photosynthetic, unicellular prokaryotes
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| endosymbiosis | theory in which a type of small, ancient, aerobic prokaryote was engulfed by and began to live and reproduce inside of a larger, anaerobic prokaryote
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| evolution | the development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time
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| strata | rock layers
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| natural selection | theory Darwin proposed as the mechanism for descent with modification
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| adaptation | a trait that makes an individual successful in its environment
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| fitness | measure of an individual's heredity contribution to the next generation
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| fossil | the remains or traces of an organism that died long ago
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| superposition | principle stating that if the rock strata at a location have not been disturbed, the lowest stratum was formed before the strata above it
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| relative age | a fossil's age compared to that of other fossils
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| absolute age | time since formation (exact age)
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| biogeography | the study of the locations of organisms around the world
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| homologous structures | anatomical structures that occur in different species and that originated by heredity from a structure in the most recent common ancestor of the species
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| analogous structures | structures with closely related functions that do not derive from the same ancestral structure
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| vestigial structures | structures that seem to serve no function but that resemble structures with functional roles in related organisms
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| phylogeny | the relationships by ancestry among groups of organisms
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| convergent evolution | the process by which different species evolve similar traits
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| divergent evolution | process in which the descendants of a single ancestor diversify into species that each fit different parts of the environment
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| adaptive radiation | pattern of divergence in which a new population in a new environment will undergo divergent evolution until the population fills many parts of the environment
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| artificial selection | process occurring when a human breeder chooses individuals that will parent the next generation
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| coevolution | when two or more species have evolved adaptations to each other's influence
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| population genetics | the study of evolution from a genetic point of view
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| bell curve | graph curved in the shape of a bell
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| allele frequency | determined by dividing the number of a certain allele by the total number of alleles of all types in the population
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| phenotype frequency | the number of individuals with a particular phenotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population
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| Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium | principle based on a set of assumptions about an ideal hypothetical population that is not evolving
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| immigration | the movement of individuals into a population
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| emigration | the movement of individuals out of a population
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| gene flow | the process of genes moving from one population to another
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| genetic drift | the phenomenon by which allele frequencies in a population change as a result of random events, or chance
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| sexual selection | tendency of females to choose males they mate with based on certain traits
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| stabilizing selection | type of natural selection in which individuals with the average form of a trait have the highest fitness
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| disruptive selection | type of natural selection in which individuals with either extreme variation of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with the average form of the trait
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| directional selection | type of natural selection in which individuals that display a more extreme form of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with an average form of the trait
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| speciation | process of species formation
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| morphology | internal and external structure and appearance of an organism
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| biological species concept | concept stating a species is a population of organisms that can successfully interbreed but cannot breed with other groups
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| geographic isolation | physical separation of members of a population
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| allopatric speciation | when speices arise as a result of geographic isolation
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| allopatric | different homelands
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| reproductive isolation | results from barriers to successful breeding between population groups in the same area
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| prezygotic isolation | premating isolation; ocurs before fertilization
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| postzygotic isolation | postmating isolation; occurs after fertilization
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| sympatric speciation | when two subpopulations become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area
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| gradualism | the idea that speciation occurs at a regular, gradual rate
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| punctuated equilibrium | pattern of species formation of sudden, rapid change over periods of little change
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