Section 3 - notes
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| home | Rome's armies were victorious wherever they went, but problems were building at ------
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| farmers | The gap between the rich partricians and poor plebeians grew, and ----- especially suffered
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| debt | During the 100s B.C., farmers of small plots of land were sinking into poverty and -----
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| wars | many farmers were unable to farm because they were fighting in Rome's ------
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| invasion | Others had suffered damage to their farms during Hannibal's ----- of Itlay
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| latifundia | small farmers could not compete with wealthy Romans who were buying up land to create ---- or large farming estates
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| labor | the Romans who were rich landowners used a new source of ---- the thousands of prisoners brought to Italy during the wars
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| small | by using these enslaved people to tend their crops, wealthy Romans could force ---- farmers out of business
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| cities | faced with debts they could not pay, many framers sold their land and moved to ---- to look for work
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| jobs | ---- were hard to find for the farmers because enslaved people did most of the work
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| free | if --- men were lucky enough to find work, they earned low wages
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| anger | these hard working conditions created widespread ----
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| riots | Roman politicians were worried about ----- breaking out, but they quickly turned the situation to their advantage
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| entertainment | because the romans were worried about riots breaking out, to win votes of the poor, they began providing cheap food and -----
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| bread and circuses | the roman's policy of ---- and ----- helped many dishonest rulers come to power
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| brothers; reform | Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were tow wealthy ----- who tried to ---- Rome's government
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| farms | Rome's government believed that many of Rome's problems were caused by the loss of small -----
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| rich | Rome's government asked the Senate to take back public land from the ---- and divide it among landless Romans
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| claimed | Many senators, however, were among those who had ---- some of these public lands
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| fought | Rome's government put their own interest above the general welfare, they ----- the Gracchus brother's proposals
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| killed | both Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were ---- by senators who opposed their attempts to reform the Roman government
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| army | reform in Rome only worsened as the Roman --- took on a new role
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| out | before the reform, the army had mostly stayed --- of government affairs
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| Marius | things changed in Rome when a military leader named ---- became consul in 107 B.C.
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| owners | before the reform, most of the soldiers were --- of small farms
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| soldiers | now because this type of farmer was disappearing, Marius began to recruit ---- from the poor
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| land | in return for the soldiers service, he paid them wages and promised them ----
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| paid | Marius changed the Roman army from citizen volunteers to ---- professional soliders
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| duty | the new troops , however, were motivated by material rewards rather than a sense of ----
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| Republic | they felt loyal to their general , not to the Roman -----
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| power | Marius's new military system led to new ---- struggles
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| Sulla | Marius faced a challenge from a rival general with his own army, a man named ----
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| dictator | in 82B.C. sulla drove Marius out of rome and declared himself -----
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| 3 | Sulla spent --- years reforming the Roman government before resigning from office
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| what happened after Sulla stepped down from office? | men who saw Sulla gain power by using an army decided to follow the same path, and civil wars broke out
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| armies | after Sulla left office, different roman leaders battled for power, supported by their loyal ---
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| Pompey | in 60 B.C. three men were on top: Crassus, -----, and Julius Casear
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| richest | Crassus was a military leader and one of the ---- men in Rome
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| military | Pompey and Caesar were not as rich as Crassus, but both were successful ---- men
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| first | drawing on their wealth and power, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus, formed the ---- Triumvirate to rule Rome
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| triumvirate | a ---- is a political alliance of three people
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| military | the members of the triumvirate each had ---- command in the republic
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| Spain | Pompey was in ----
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| Syria | Crassus was in -----
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| Gaul | Julius Caesar was in ---- (modern day France)
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| battled | while in Gaul, Caesar ----- foreign tribes and invaded Britain
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| hero | Caesar became a ---- to Rome's lower classes
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| Sulla | senators and others back home in Rome feared that Caesar was becoming too popular and might seize power like ----
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| Pompey | after Crassus was killed in the battle in 53B.C., the Senate decided that --- pompey should return to Itlay and rule alone
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| Senate | in 49 B.C. , the ---- ordered Caesar to give up his army and come home
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| Rubicon | Caesar and his 5,000 soldiers marched into Italy by crossing the ---- , a small river at the southern boundary of his command area
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| civil | by Caesar giving up his army, he knew that he was starting a ---- war that there was no turning back
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| general | because Caesar was a better ----- he drove Pompey out of Italy and then destroyed his army in Greece
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| dictator; life | after defeating Pompey's army, Caesar declared himself ----- of Rome for ---- and made many changes to Rome
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| citizenship | Caesar granted ----- to people living in Rome's territories outside the Italian peninsula
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| colonies | Caesar also started ----- to provide land for the landless
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| free | Caesar also ordered landowners using slave labor to hire more ---- workers
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| calendar | Caesar also created a new ---- with 12 months, 365 days, and a leap year.
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| Julian | Caesar's calendar was called the ----- calendar and it was used throughout Europe until A.D. 1582
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| Gregorian | in 1582 A.D. the calendar was modified slightly and became known as the ----- calendar
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| Christ | The Gregorian calendar, based on the birth of ---- has been used in the U.S. since its beginning and is used by most countries in the world today
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| enemies | while many Romans supported Caesar, he also had many -----
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| king | Caesar's enemies feared that Caesar wanted to be -----
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| ignored | Caesar ----- a famous warning to "beware the Ides of March" (March 15)
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| 44 | on that date in ---- B.C., Ceasar's enemies surrounded him and stabbed him to death
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| What is the origin of the phrase "crossing the Rubicon" and what does it mean? | The phrase refers to Caesar's return to Italy. by crossing the Rubicon, Caesar knew he would begin a civil war and that he would either be victorious or be destroyed. today it means passing a point of no return or making a decision you cannot take back.
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| civil | Caesar's death plunged a civil war
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| forces | During the civil war, on one side were ---- led by men who had killed Caesar
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| generals | on the other side during the civil war Caesar's grandnephew Octavian and two of Caesar's top ---- , Antony and Lepidus
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| Second | after defeating Caesar's assassins, these three men created the ----- Triumvirate in 43 B.C.
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| argue | the members of the Second Triumvirate began to ---- immediately
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| retire | Octavian forced Lepidus to ---- from politics and the remaining leaders divided the Roman world between themselves
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| west | Octavian took the ----
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| Antony | took the ----
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| alliance | Antony fell in love with the Egyptian Queen, Cleopatra VII, and formed an ---- with her
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| war | Octavian declared ---- on Antony to keep him from taking over the republic
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| Actium | Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra's forces at the Battle of ----
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| Roman Empire | Octavian laid the foundation for a new system of government the ---- ----
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| political; against | Cicero was a ----- leader, writer, and public speaker who was ---- dictators
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| representative | Cicero favored ---- government and supported Octavian
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| reforms | Octavian restored the republic with some -----
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| weak | Octavian knew that most people favored a republican form of government but he also knew that the republic had been too ---- to solve Rome's problems
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| senate | he gave some power to the ---- but really put himself in charge
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| Augustus | Octavian took the title ---- meaning "revered one" which began the Roman empire
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