Chap. 2:Literary Terms, Elements, and Conventions
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| Mood/atmosphere | The attitude created by the author toward the subject or prevailing emotions of the work. Revealed through imagery, characters, events, setting and other elements. Can be a feeling of gloomy, happy, dreary etc.
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| Theme | Grounds our interpretations. An idea that arises in a work and reflects ideas and beliefs that have surfaced in our human consciousness repeatedly through the ages.
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| Tone | Affects the overall feel of the work. The authors attitude about the subject in which he or she is writing. Can reflect any human attitude toward a subject
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| Plot | Action elements. Often used in evaluating work. Discussing the plot line of a story without getting into details.
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| Exposition | The first element, opening of the story, helps audience understand and engage them in events to come.
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| Rising Action | Includes Exposition. Builds events and tension
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| Climax | When the rising action of the story reaches its peak. When story reaches its highest intensity.
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| Falling Action | Follows the climax and flows toward the conclusion.
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| Denouement (Resolution) | Final outcome. The closure to the story.
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| Subplot "double plot" | A secondary plot to the main plot of the story.
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| Foreshadowing | Events to come later in the story are hinted at to build tension
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| Conflict (man vs. man, man vs. nature, man vs. self, man vs. society) | A struggle between forces. Often a large part of the rising action.
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| Complication | A term used to denote the development of conflict comprising the rising action.
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| Crisis | when a character is forced to make some kind of decision. usually closely connected to some kind of turning point in the story.
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| Recognition | A moment when a character advances from a stage of ignorance to an advanced state of knowledge and recognizes something previously unrecognized. Comprises part of the characters development and growth.
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| Characterization | concerns the variety of techniques and strategies used to create characters of various types. Relates you to characters.
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| Protagonist | The central character in a story. Sets events in motion. Not always heroic in nature.
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| Antagonist | Opposes the Protagonist. Can be society and nature, not just a person.
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| Hero | like a protagonist, is a central character, associated with a strong moral character.
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| Anti-Hero | like a protagonist, is a central character, associated with a strong moral character.
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| Foil | A character that is used to highlight elements of more central characters through contrast. Main purpose to to allow aspects of more common characters to come out.
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| Stock Character | Often used to populate the world of the story.
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| Flat Character | A character that does not come across as fully developed. Distinguished by one main trait and does not have the capacity to change throughout the story.
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| Round Character | A character that is developed and complex and has the capacity to change throughout the story.
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| Archetype | A character, image, detail, motif, or other elements that consistently surfaces in literary works over time and represents a significant pattern in human experiences and beliefs.
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| Epiphany | When a character has a strong realization or understanding. Crucial turning point. Inner transformation for the character.
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| Persona | Whatever voice the author is using to tell the story. What style, what tone, etc.
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| Point of View | The perspective from which the literary work is told. The lens of the narrator.
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| Monologue | A speech delivered by one character onstage during a play.
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| Motivation | The factors that cause characters to do the things they do.
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| First Person Point of View | If author uses terms like "we, us, ours"
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| Second Person Point of View | An account from the addressee's point of view. (you, your) Most commonly used in poetry.
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| Third Person Objective point of View: | A distanced perspective where the narrator focuses just on the external events and does not convey information related to the inner thoughts, desires, and motives of character's; readers get little to no sense of what a character's thoughts are.
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| Third Person Limited Point of View | readers re provided direct access to that particular characters thoughts, desires, and motivations.
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| Third Person Omniscient Point of View | A narrative presence that is all-knowing and has access to all characters thoughts, motivations, feelings and lives.
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| Irony | Takes many different forms. Refers to discrepancy between the literal and the actual.
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| Verbal Irony | When a statement means the opposite of its literal meaning. (sarcasm)
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| Situational Irony | When the expected situation ends up being different from the actual situation. (bought a bus ticket, was a holiday so didn’t need to pay)
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| Cosmic Irony | When actions contradict results. (fate of a situations, greater universe, god controls)
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| Convention | A method, technique or concept that is agreed upon by readers and authors.
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| Dramatic Irony | When an audience knows more than characters. (the girls hair is on fire but she doesn’t know it yet)
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| Allegory | A common example of a convention. A story that contains a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. (Three little pigs)
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| Allusion | A reference to some meaning that exists outside of the text.
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| Aside | In drama, a brief passage spoken only so the audience can hear it.
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| Deus Ex Machina | A phrase used to describe a situation where an outside force intervenes to resolve a human conflict.
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| Flashbacks | Reliving a scene through a character's perspective. Helps readers understand more about characters motivations.
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| In media res | a narrative device where the story begins in the "middle of things" to establish tension and attract readers attention
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| Satire | A genre based on using humor to reveal human inconsistencies, weakness and contradictions.
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| Soliloquy | A speech delivered by a character alone on stage.
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