Stack #121723
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| Alexia | damage to the brain causes a patient to lose the ability to read. typically occurs following damage to the left hemisphere of the brain.
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| Alzheimer’s disease | the most common type of dementia; its most striking feature is progressive deterioration of cognitive functions; its language disturbance is a major symptom.
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| Aneurysm | is a localized, blood-filled dilation (balloon-like bulge) of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall.
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| Angiography or arteriography | is a medical imaging technique in which an X-ray picture is taken to visualize the inner opening (lumen) of blood filled structures, including arteries, veins and the heart chambers.
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| Angular gyru | a region of the brain in the parietal lobe, that lies near the superior edge of the temporal lobe, and immediately posterior to the supramarginal gyrus; it is involved in a number of processes related to language and cognition. It is Brodmann area 39 of
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| Anomia | Loss of power to name objects or recognize and recall their names.
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| Anosognosia | person who suffers disability due to brain injury seems unaware of or denies the existence of his or her handicap. This may include unawareness of quite dramatic impairments, such as blindness or paralysis
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| Aorta | is the largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation.
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| Aphasia | is a loss of the ability to produce and
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| paraphasia. | (substituting letters, syllables or words)
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| agrammatism | (inability to speak in a grammatically correct fashion)
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| dysprosody | (alterations in inflexion, stress, and rhythm)
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| Apraxia | a disorder in performing voluntary learned motor acts, due to a lesion in motor association areas and association pathways, in which similar automatic gestures are intact
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| Ideomotor Apraxia | a disorder in which motor plans are intact, but individual motor gestures are disturbed
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| Ideational Apraxia | a disorder in performing the steps of complex motor plans.
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| Aqueduct, | an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another. The word is derived from the Latin aqua, "water," and ducere, "to lead."
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| Arcuate fasciculus | a bundle of nerve fibers that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas.
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| conduction aphasia | where auditory comprehension and speech articulation are preserved, but people find it difficult to repeat heard speech. Caused by a lesion in the arcuate fasciculus.
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| Ataxia | defect of posture and gait associated with at disorder of the nervous system. A neurological sign and symptom consisting of gross incoordination of muscle movements. An aspecific clinical manifestation implying dysfunction of parts of the nervous system
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| Athetosis | a slow, irregular, coarse, writhing, or squirming movement. It usually involves the extremities as well as the face, neck, and trunk. The movements directly interfere with the fine and controlled movements of the larynx, tongue, palate, pharynx and resp
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| Atrophy | Muscles display some degree of degeneration because they become denervated. Muscles will show fibrillations and fasciculations partial or complete wasting away.
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| Attention | the capacity to focus on particular stimuli over time and to manipulate flexibility the information
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| Brain stem | includes: Medulla Oblongata PonsMesencephalon (midbrain) Diencephalon (thalamus)
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| Broca’s aphasia | common adult language disorder characterized by nonfluent speech and language, usually accompanied by hemiplegia and an anterior lesion of the brain.
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| Cerebral aqueduct | the third and fourth ventricle is connected through this.
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| Cerebrospinal fluid , | the brain and spinal cord are suspended in a clear, colorless fluid, which serves as a cushion between the central nervous system and the surrounding bones, thereby protecting the brain against direct trauma
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| Chorea | disorder characterized by irregular, spasmodic, involuntary movements of the limbs or facial muscles
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| Choroid plexus | a tuft-like structure contained in the ventricles, which is concerned mainly with the production of cerebrospinal fluid.
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| Circle of Willis | is a circle of arteries that supplies blood to the brain.
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| Coma | a profound state of unconsciousness.
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| Coma Severity Scales | Two scales of measurement often used in TBI diagnosis to determine the level of coma are the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and the Ranchos Los Amigos Scale (RLAS). The GCS is a simple 3 to 15-point scale (3 being the worst and 15 being that of a normal person)
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| Commissural fibers | connect an area in one hemisphere with an area in the opposite hemisphere.
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| Conduction aphasia | an adult language disorder in which auditory comprehension is good, but exact repetition is poor; the site of lesion producing the syndrome is in debate, but it may interrupt the arcuate fasciculus.
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| Confrontation naming | naming objects and pictures. (in Broca’s aphasia this area is poor)
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| Contralateral | related to the opposite side
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| Contrecoup injury | occurs on the side opposite the area that was impacted. When a moving object impacts the stationary head. Considered focal brain injuries, those that occur in a particular spot in the brain, as opposed to diffuse, which would occur over a more widespread
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| Corpus collosum | the largest transversal commissure between the hemispheres; it is about 4 inches long
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| Corticobulbar | of the pyramidal tract are the voluntary pathway for the movements of speech muscles (except for respiration).
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| Corticospinal | descends from the cerebral cortex to different levels of the spinal cord; it begins in the motor cortex of the two cerebral hemispheres, primarily in the precentral gyrus of the cerebrum. Connects the cerebral cortex to spinal motor neurons, and contro
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| Dementia, subcortical | a slowing and progressive deterioration of cognition Forgetfulness and alterations of affect are noted
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| Diencephalon | located above the midbrain, it’s a double oval structure. It’s made up of two structures, the thalamus and hypothalamus.
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| Thalamus | relays information upward to sensory areas on the cerebral cortex
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| Hypothalamus | Controls several aspects of emotional behavior, such as rage and aggression, as well as escape behavior. It also aids in regulation of body temperature, food and water intake, and sexual and sleep behavior.
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| Dysarthria | the result of paralysis, weakness, and
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| Dyskinesia | disorder of movement usually associated with a lesion of the extrapyramidal system. Excessive involuntary movement – motor disturbances of the basal ganglia that are usually classified as involuntary movement disorders. These disorders encompass a full
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| Dysmetria | the inability to gage the distance, speed, and power, of a movement.
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| Dystonia | excess tone in selected parts of the body. Affects mainly the trunk, neck, and proximal parts of the limbs. The slow movements are usually sustained for a prolonged period.
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| Empty speech | speech that lacks meaningful and substantive words
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| Extrapyrmindal system | made up of subcortical nuclei called basal ganglia, together with the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, brainstem, reticular formation, and the complex pathways that interconnect these nuclei
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| Fasciculations | involuntary contractions or twitches in a group of muscle fibers.
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| Foramen | an aperture of perforation through a bone or a membranous sturucture
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| Gyrus of Heschl | (anterior transverse temporal gyrus) (broadman area 41 and 42) represents the cortical center for hearing
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| Homonymous | Homonymous hemianopsia - a type of partial blindness
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| Hydrocephalus | abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles, or cavities, of the brain. This may cause increased intracranial pressure inside the skull and progressive enlargement of the head, convulsion, and mental disability.
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| Hypotonia | muscle flaccidity; a decrease in normal muscle tone when passive movement is performed
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| Internal capsule | contains the concentrated and compact projection fibers near the brain, an area of white matter in the brain that separates the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the lenticular nucleus.
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| Ipsilateral | on the same side
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