Freshman Honors Biology - The Human Genome BioTechnology Protein Synthesis & RNA
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| RNA | ribonucleic acid; a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis
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| transcription | the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of DNA as a template
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| translation | the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains
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| protein synthesis | the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
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| ribose | a 5-carbon sugar present in RNA
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| mRNA | messenger RNA; a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein
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| rRNA | ribosomal RNA; an organelle that contains most of the RNA in the cell and that is responsible for ribosome function
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| tRNA | transfer RNA; an RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation
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| RNA polymerase | an enzyme that starts (catalyzes) the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template
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| termination signal | a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene
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| genetic code | the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
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| codon | in DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifiesa start signal or a stop signal
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| anticodon | a region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA
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| genome | the complete genetic material contained in an individual
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| euchromatin | a region of DNA that is uncoiled and undergoing active transcription into RNA
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| intron | a segment of a strucural gene that is transcribed but not translated
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| exon | in a structural gene, one of the segments that are ultimately transcribed and translated when the gene is expressed
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| pre-mRNA | a precursor mRNA; the first strand of mRNA produced by gene transcription that contains both introns and exons
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| transcription factors | regulatory proteins that bind to DNA and stimulate the transcription of certain genes
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| enhancers | DNA sequences that recognize certain transcription factors that can stimulate transcription of nearby genes
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| length polymorphisms | variations in the length of the DNA molecule between known genes
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| variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) | sequences of DNA that repeat many times in tandem
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| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | a scientific technique that quickly produces copies of a DNA fragment
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| primers | artificially made pieces of single-stranded DNA that are 20 to 30 nucleotides long that must be present for DNA polymerase to initiate replication
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| restriction enzymes | bacterial proteins that recognize specific short DNA sequences, and cu the DNA in or near the sequence
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| gel electrophoresis | technique that separates nucleic acids or proteins according to their size and charge
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| DNA fingerprint | the pattern of bands that results when an individual's DNA sample is radiolabeled and exposed to X rays after being fragmented, replicated, and separated
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| genetic engineering | a technology in which the genome of a living cell is modified for medical or industrial use
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| recombinant DNA | DNA molecules that are artificially created by combining DNA from different sources
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| plasmid | a circular DNA molecule that is usually found in bacteria and that can replicate independent of the main chromosome
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| clone | an exact copy of a DNA segment, a whole cell, or a complete organism
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| vector | DNAs that can replicate within a cell and carry foreign DNA
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| probe | strand of RNA or single-stranded DNA that is labeled with a radioactive element or fluorescent dye and that can base-pair to specific DNA, such as the donor gene in recombinant DNA
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| Human Genome Project | research effort undertaken to sequence all of our DNA and locate within it all of the functionally important sequences, such as genes
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| proteome | an organism's complete set of proteins
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| single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) | unique spots where individuals differ by a single nucleotide
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| bioinformatics | a combination of biological science, computer science, and information technology used to enable the discovery of new biological insights and unifying principles
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| proteomics | study of all of an organism's proteins, including their identities, structures, interactions, and abundances
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| two-dimensional gel electrophoresis | a method that separates the proteins in a sample into individual spots
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| gene therapy | a technique in which a genetic disorder is treated by introducing a gene into a patient's cells
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| cloning by nuclear transfer | procedure in which a nucleus from a body cell is introduced into an egg cell to generate an organism identical to the nucleus donor
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| telomeres | repeated DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that shorten with each round of cell division
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| DNA vaccine | a vaccine made from the DNA of a pathogen but does not have disease-causing capability
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| bioethics | the study of ethical issues related to DNA technology
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