Conception and fetal development
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| Conception | defined as a single union of a sperm and egg
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| oogenesis | the process of egg formation
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| True or False: High estrogen support motility of the uterine tube cilia to propel ovum | True
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| fertilization takes place where: | in the ampulla of the uterine tube (outer third)
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| morula | ball of 16-cell three days after formation of zygote
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| blastocyst | formed after the morula
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| 6-10 days after conception | trophoblast secretes enzymes that allows it to implant into the uterus
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| chorionic villi | projections that extend from the trophoblast into the endometrium for gaz exchange
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| decidua | endometrium is call this after implantation
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| decidua basalis, vera, and capsularis | base, middle and outer parts of the decidua in relation to the trophoblast
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| Lenght of pregnancy | 10 lunar months, 9 calendar months, 40 weeks, or 280 day
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| Stages of intrauterine development | ovum or preembryonic, embryo, and fetus
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| ovum or preembryonic stage | This period covers cellular replication,
The first two weeks of after conceptions.
Blastocyst formation, initial development of the embryonic membranes, and establishment of the primary germ layers.
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| Primary Germ Layers | the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm (or entoderm)
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| embryonic stage | 2 weeks to 8 weeks
embryo measures 3cm
critical time of development for inner and outer organs
embryo vulnerable to teratogens
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| oligohydramnios | less than 300ml of amniotic fluid
associated with fetal renal abnormalities
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| hydramnios | more than 2L of amniotic fluid
associated with GI and other malformations
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| content of amniotic fluid | albumin, urea, uric acid, creatinine, lecithin, sphingomyelin, bilirubin, fructose, fat, leukocytes, proteins, epithelial cells, enzymes, and lanugo hair
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| yolk sac | plays a role in rbc formation during the embryonic stage (gone by week 6)
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| umbilical cord is comprised of: | two arteries and one vein
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| Wharton's jelly | connective tissue that prevents compression of the umbilical blood vessels to ensure nourishment to the fetus
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| battledore placenta | peripheral location of the umbilical cord
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| embryonic heart starts beating when: | 17 days after conception
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| syncytium | functional layer of the placenta
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| hCG | detected after implantation
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| Fetal glucose needs | a lot higher
glucose circulates through the umbilical cord
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| Fetal maturation (FETAL STAGE) | From week 9 to end of pregnancy
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| Problems during fetal stage | fetus is vulnerable to teratogens affecting cns functioning
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| Viability | Ability of the fetus to survive
threshold is 22-25 weeks
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| first organ system to function in the fetus | the cardiovascular system
heart beat by the end of the third week
4 to 5th week - development of the 4 chambers
by the 8th week, the heart is complete
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| ductus arteriosus | bypasses the lungs in the fetus
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| ductus venosus | bypasses the liver and flows into the inferior vena cava
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| foramen ovale | opening into the left atrium
fetal blood flows directly from right to left atrium
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| three special characteristics that enable the fetus to obtain sufficient oxygen from the maternal blood are: | •Fetal hemoglobin carries 20% to 30% more oxygen
•The hemoglobin concentration of the fetus is about 50% greater
•The fetal heart rate is 110 to 160 beats/min, making the cardiac output per unit of body weight higher than that of an adult.
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| Hematopoises in the fetus | begins the 6th week in the fetal liver
Rh negative mother is then at risk
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| Meckel's diverticulum | the most common malformation of the midgut, occurs when a remnant of the yolk stalk that has failed to degenerate attaches to the ileum, leaving a blind sac.
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| Anorectal malformations | the most common abnormalities of the digestive system.
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| meconium | dark green to black, tarry fetal waste
passed within 24h after birth
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| storage of glycogen begins at what time in the fetus? | week 9
glycogen is 2x that of adults at birth
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| When does brown fat begins accumulating? | Between 26 and 30 weeks the fetus begins to lay down stores of brown fat in preparation for extrauterine cold stress.
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| bile begins forming at what time? | the 12th week
bile is found is meconium
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| hyperbilirubinemia | liver of fetus does not need to remove biluribin
At birth, this function is needed, and the lack can cause an accumulation of bilurubin or hyperbilirubinemia
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| coagulation factors | not synthesized by fetus
an injection is given to the newborn
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| development of the respiratory tract in fetus | week 4 to week 17 with formation of the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi, and the lung buds.
week 16-24: enlargement of bronchi or formation of vessels
week 24-term: type 1 and 2 cells form to secrete surfactant
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| L/S ratio (Lecithin/Sphingomyelin) is used to determine what: | an L/S ratio of 2:1 signifies a mature lung
this occurs at 35 weeks of gestation
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| Conditions that can retard lung maturity include: | gestational diabetes and chronic glomerulonephritis
intrabronchial synthetic surfactant can be used to improve an affected newborn's chance of survival
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| C-Section and breathing: | Fluid is left in the newborn's lung, but reabsorbed within 2hours into circulation
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| Kidney formation takes place when: | The 5th week, but begin function in the 9th week
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| Kidney malformation | indicated by oligohydromnios
kidney begin function right after birth
Infant at risk for dehydration b/c the GFR is low at birth (glomerula filtration rate)
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| when can brain waves be recorded? | by week 8
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| quickening | perception of fetal movement by week 16-20
occurs earlier in multipara than in primapara
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| Sensory awareness in fetus | response to sound in by week 24
distinguish taste by the 5 month (20week)
at term, fetus brain is 1/4 adult brain
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| sex differentiation starts when: | after week 7
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| tested descend into scrotum when: | by week 28
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| Fontanels | Areas where more than two bones meet
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| vernix caseosa | white cheesy material that protects the skin of the fetus
the vernix is thick by 24 weeks, but scanty at term
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| Lanugo | Very fine hair that appear first at 12 week on eyebrow and upperlips, and cover the entire body by week 20
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| immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta: | immunoglobulin G
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| immonoglobulin produced bt the fetus by the end of the third trimester | IgM
breast milk can give newborn some IgA
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| Dizygotic twins | two ovum fertilized leading to two placentas
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| Monozygotic twins | divided fertilized egg
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