BYU PdBio 305 Rhees Cell/Chem/H2O/Blood

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Respiratory Acidosis is caused by

Over-anesthesia, Lung diseases, Damage to respiratory center

Metabolic Acidosis is caused by

Severe diarrhea, Diabetes mellitus, high intesity exercise, kidney failure

Effects of Acidosis on Body

Disorientation, Coma, Death, Lower pH limit of 6.8-7.0

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by

Fever, Aspirin poisoning, high altitude

Metabolic alkalosis is caused by

Vomiting, excessive sodium bicarbonate ingestion

Effects of alkalosis on body

overexcitability of nervous system, tetany, death, upper limit of pH 7.8-8.0

Liters of water in body

40 liters

Percent of body weight from water

50-60%

% of body weight from ICF

35-40%

% of body weight from ECF

10-20%

% of body weight from Interstitial fluid

10-15%

% of body weight from Plasma

4-5%

Causes of Dehydration/Hypovolemia

vomiting, diarrhea, loss of blodd, drainage from burns, lack of ADH due to diabetes insipidus

Symptoms of Dehydration/Hypovolemia

Loss of weight, rise in body temperature, increased heart rate and cardiac output, decreased blood pressure, decreased urine

Causes of hypervolemia

excessive IV administration, psychotic drinking, renal failure leading to decreased urinary output

Symptoms of hypervolemia

decreased body temp., increased blood pressure, edema, weight gain, vomiting, convulsions, coma

ADH

antidiuretic hormone regulates water loss

What regulates ADH and oxytosin?

Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

Maltose

glucose+glucose

Sucrose

glucose+fructose

Lactose

glucose+galactose

Lipid structure

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol

butyric structure

CH3-(CH2)2-COOH

palmitic structure

CH3-(CH2)14-COOH

Stearic structure

CH3-(CH2)16-COOH

Oleic

one double bond

Linoleic

two double bonds

Linolenic

three double bonds

# of cells in body

75-100 trillion

# of types of cells

200-250

tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

normal pH

7.4

normal glucose

80-100 mg/100ml

Feedback systems' three parts

monitoring receptor, control center, reactor

% of plasma membrane from protein

55%

% of plasma membrane from carbohydrate

% of plasma membrane from lipid

43%

space between two walls of nuclear membrane

perinuclear cisterna

Rough ER synthesized proteins destination

outside of cell

destination of free ribosome synthesized proteins

within cell

Vitamin A intoxication

cause lysosomes to rupture, destroying intracellular material

Rheumatoid arthritis

Lysosomes release enzymes into joint capsule and digest surrounding tissue

Atrophy of the uterus

lysosome digestive activity

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

Leukocytes

white blood cells

Thrombocytes

platelets

% of whole blood from plasma

53-60%

% of whole blood from formed elements

40-47%

plasma is made up of

water 90%, proteins 7%, electrolytes urea glucose etc. 3%

hematocrit is made up of

erythrocytes 4.5-5.5 million/mm^3, leukocytes 6-10 thousand/mm^3, patelets 150-400 thousand/mm^3

leukocytes are made up of

Neutrophils 60-70%, Eosinophils 2-4%, Basophils .15%, Lymphocytes 20-25%, Monocytes 3-8%

serum

plasma minus the coagulation factors

Albumin

functions in osmotic pressure regulation

Globulins

Alpha, Beta, and Gamma

Alpha and Beta globulin

carrier vehicles to prevent substances in blood (e.g. hormones) from leaving the capillary too rapidly

Gamma Globulin

Natural and acquired immunity – Antibodies

Origin of Albumin and the alpha and beta globulins

formed in the liver

Origin of Gamma globulins

formed in the lymphoid tissues of the reticulo-endothelial system (found in the bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes)

Erythrocyte Characteristics

no nucleus, can’t multiply, biconcave discs, no nucleus or e.r., no protein synthesis

Erythrocyte function

transport hemoglobin (oxygen) and CO2

What increases erythrocytes?

Altitude, muscular exercise, temperature, age (higher in infants)

Erythropoiesis

production of red blood cells

Hematopoiesis

production of all blood cells

location of early embryo rbc synthesis

yolk sac

location of middle pregnancy rbc synthesis

liver, spleen, bone marrow

location of adult rbc synthesis

vertebrae, ribs, sternum

pathway for erythropoiesis

stem cell, proeryrthroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic, erythroblast, normoblast (nucleus lost), reticulocyte, mature RBC

Life span of RBC

120 days

# of RBC destroyed per sec and per day

2.5 million, 216 billion

# of molecules of Hb/RBC

200 million

hemoglobin structure

protein globin and four hemes

structure of heme

porphyrin with Fe++ in middle

% of RBC is made of Hb

34%

grams of Hb in 100 ml of blood

15g

ml of oxygen that combines with each gram of Hb

1.34ml

ml of O2 for 100ml of blood

20ml

oxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin when saturated with 02

carbamino hemoglobin

CO2 with Hb

carboxy hemoglobin

CO with Hb

biliverdin

porphyrin with the ring broken

bilirubin

biliverdin is converted to bilirubin to be excreted

jaundice

accumulation of bilirubin (caused by liver disease, excess red cell destruction, bile duct obstruction

anemia

decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

symptoms of anemia

pale skin, fatigue, rapid heart rate

types of anemia

hemorrhagic, aplastic, nutritional, pernicious, hemolytic, folic acid deficiency

hemorrhagic anemia

blood loss

aplastic anemia

bone marrow destruction-cancer, too many x-rays, chemicals, drugs

Nutritional anemia

not enough iron

folic acid deficiency anemia

impairs normal mitosis

pernicious anemia

vit B12 deficiency which is required for bone marrow maturation; parietal cells in stomach make instrinsic factor necessary for vit B12 absorption

Hemolytic anemia

RBC destruction (sickel cell, erythroblastosis fetalis, lead/arsenic poisoning)

polycythemia

too many RBC

secondary polycythemia

elavation; no RBC pathology

primary polycythemia (erythremia)

tumor of bone marrow-sluggish blood

# of leukocytes

6-12,000/mm^3 (production rate is equal to or greater than that of RBC's)

lifespan of leukocytes

4 days to months

location of leukocytes

most found outside circulation

two types of leukocytes

granulocytes, agronulocytes

types of granulocytes

neutrophils, eosonophils, basophils

types of agranulocytes

lymphocytes, monocytes

% of each leukocyte making up all leukocytes

neutrophils 65-70, lymphocytes 20-24, monocytes 5, eosinophils 1-2, basophils 0-.5

production sites of leukocytes

embryo-bone marrow, liver, spleen; adult-granulocytes-bone marrow, agranulocytes-lymphoid tissues

diapedesis

ability to squeeze through capillary walls (leukocyte ability)

chemotaxis

substance released from infected area to attract leukocytes

fxn of neutrophils

acute conditions; phagocytosis and NET fibers

fxn of eosinophils

allergic conditions

fxn of basophils

secrete anticoagulant heparin and histamine which are important in allergic rxns

fxn of lymphocytes

immune response

fxn of B-lymphocytes

produce antibodies

fxn of T-lymphocytes

destroy specific target cells

fxn of monocytes

chronic conditions; phagocytosics; macrophages which live for months or years

leukemia

too many leukocytes which are immature and useless; not enough RBC's and platelets

leukopenia

not enough WBC's' caused by radiation, drugs, chemicals

# of Thrombocytes

platelets- 150-350,000/mm^3

formation of thrombocytes

bone marrow form megakaryocyte cells where pieces of the cytoplasm chip off and are platelets

thrombopoietin

thrombocyte production stimulant

life span of thrombocyte

8 days to many months

fxn of thrombocytes

clotting; platelet plug

platelet chemicals which stimulate vasoconstriction and make other platelets sticky

ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A2

platelet chemicals stimualting contraction

myosin and actin

PGI2-prostacyclin

inhibitor of platelet aggregation

nitric oxide

inhibitor of platelet aggregation

Thrombocytopenia

abnormally low # of platelets; exessive bleeding

thrombocytopenia purpura

purple spots on skin from poor blood clotting

pathway for blood clot

prothrombin activator activates prothrombin into thrombin which activates fibrinogen into a lose and then tight fibrin clot; Ca++ is needed to clot

syneresis

clot retraction

clotting factors 1-11

1.fibrinogen 2.prothrombin 3.tissue thromboplastin 4.calcium 5.accelerator globulin 6.none 7.serum prothrombin conversion accelerator 8.antihemophilic globulin (on X chromosome) 9.Christmas factor 10.stuart-power factor 11.plasma thromboplastin antecedent

clotting factors 12-13

12.Contact factor (initiates the overall rxn) 13.Fibrin stabilizing factor

Anticoagulants

Dicoumarol (Coumadin), Heparin, Citrates, Oxalates, EDTA, smooth inside surface of blood vessel

Dicoumarol (Coumadin)

interferes with vit K and thus factors 7,9,10

heparin

interferes with thrombin and prothrombin formation (from basophils)

citrates, oxalates, edta

tie up calcium to stop clotting

edta

oj simpson

fibrinolysis

lysis of clots; plasminogen makes plasmin which degrades fibrin

conditions that cuase excessive bleeding in humans

liver disease (decreased clotting factors), vit K deficiency (decreased formation of prothrombin), hemophilia (lack of factor 8 or 9 or any other), thrombocytopenia (decreased platelets)

Thrombocytopenia

decreased platelets (less than 50,000)

Thrombus

clot attacched to blood vessel wall

embolus

clot that detaches from the wall and floats freely

external defense against disease

skin, digestive tract, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract

two types of immunity

non-specific and specific

non-specific immunity

inflammation, interferon, fever, natural killer cells, complement system