AP Biology- Unit 9 - Chap 22/23/13- Phylogeny/Viruses/Bacteria
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| Phylogeny | Evolutionary history of a species
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| Systematics | Connects classification
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| History of life of Earth is punctuated by | mass exinctions.
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| Morphological & molecular homologies | Similiarities based on shared ancestries.
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| 3 types of systematics | Hierarchical system, Linnaean system, binomial system
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| Cladograms in phylogeny | Patterns of shared characteristics.
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| Molecular clock | Rate of change is calculated and then extrapolated back.
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| 3 Domains of Universal Tree of Life | Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea
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| 1st virus discovered in plants (1800's) | Tobacco mosaic virus
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| Viral envelope | Derived from host cell membrane.
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| Generalized viral life cycle | Parasites, Entry, Assimilation, Self assembly
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| Bacteriophages example | Phages that infect E. coli
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| Viral hosts | Each type of virus can infect & parasitize only a limited range of host cells.
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| Natural selection | Favors phage mutants resistant to bacterial defenses.
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| Retroviruses | Host's RNA polymerase now transcribes viral DNA into viral RNA molecules.
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| HIV | Envelopes weith glycoproteins for binding to specific WBC.
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| What does Transcription produce in an HIV infection? | More copies of viral RNA.
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| Most tumor viruses probably cause cancer only | in combination with other mutagenic events.
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| Viruses that mutate & "jump" host | Hanta virus, Ebola virus
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| Classification - New 3 Domain system | Bacteria, Archaebacteria, Eukaryotes
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| In Prokaryotic metabolism, how do bacteria get their energy & nutrients? | Photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs
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| Why does life on Earth depend on bacteria? | It's a decomposer and nitrogen fixation.
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| How do cells vary the amount of specific enzymes? | By regulating gene transcription.
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| Operon example | Enzymes in a biosysnthesis pathway.
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| Tryptophan operon | binds allosterically to regulatory protein.
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| Operons produce enzymes only | when nutrient is available.
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| Which taxa contains organisms that are most distantly related? | Class
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| What characteristic to prokaryotes and eukaryotes share? | Kinds of nucleotides in their DNA.
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| Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes by what characteristics? | Structure of flagella, ribosomes, and chromosomes. Also, methods of cell division.
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| Organisms that are photosynthetic. | Cyanbacteria, diatoms, dinoflagellates, Phaeophyta
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| An organism that isn't photosynthetic. | Foraminifera
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| Examples of mutualism. | 1) lichens, 2) mycorrhizae, 3) nitrogen-fixing bacteria in nodules, and 4) zooflagellates that live in the guts of termites
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| Not an example of mutualism. | Plasmodial slime molds
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| Asexual reproduction in fungi is carried out by | conidia.
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| Angiosperms differ from all other plants because | they produce fruits.
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| The deuterostomes differ from protostomes in what way? | 1) Early cleavages of the zygote, 2) ultimate function of the opening to the archenteron, 3) embryonic origin of the mouth, and 4) embryonic origin of the coelom
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| Both deuterostomes and protostomes have | three germ layers in the developing embryo.
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| What characteristics do roundworms have? | 1) a pseudocoelom, 2) bilateral symmetry, 3) a mesoderm germ layer, 4) an ectoderm germ layer
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| Roundworms do not have | a notochord.
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| A characteristic common to all chordates that is lacking in other animal groups is | the appearance of pharyngeal gill slits.
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| The science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms is | taxonomy.
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| Closely related genera may be grouped together in a single | family.
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| Related classes are grouped together in the same | phylum.
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| In the six-kingdom system, the kingdom that includes the protozoa is | Protista.
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| A taxon that contains a recent common ancestor and all its descendants is | monophyletic.
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| Using DNA as a molecular barcode | could help taxonomists identify and describe new species.
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| The conclusion that fungi are more closely related to animals that to plants was based in large part on comparing | ribosomal RNA sequences.
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| Some systematics classify crocodiles and birds in the same taxon because they are monophyletic. These systematists follow which approach? | Cladistic
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| When cladists use the principle of parsimony, they | choose the simplest explanation to interpret the data.
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| The genome of a virus consists of | DNA or RNA.
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| The capsid of a virus consists of | protein.
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| The correct sequence in viral reproduction is | attachment, penetration, replication, assembly, release.
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| Peptidoglycan is a chemical compound found in the cell walls of | most Eubacteria.
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| In conjugation, two bacterial cells of different mating types come together, and | genetic material is transferred from one to another.
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| The majority of heterotrophic bacteria are | free-living saprotrophs.
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| Bacteria that thrive in puncture wounds are likely to be | obligate anaerobes.
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| Bacteria that are autotrophs | manufacture their own organic molecules from simple raw materials.
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| What group of bacteria contains the Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that causes botulism? | Clostridia
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| A mutation that inactivates the repressor gene of the lac operon results in | the continuous transcription of the structural genes.
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| An mRNA molecule transcribed from the lac operon contains nucleotide sequences complementary to | structural genes coding for enzymes.
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| What is typically absent in bacteria? | Enhancers
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| What is characteristic of genes and gene regulation in both bacteria and eukaryotes? | Promoter
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| What is characteristic of genes and gene regulation in eukaryotes, but not bacteria? | Enhancers and transcription factors
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