A&P Ch3 Cellular Level of Organization (CELL)
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| If you see errors or problems in this Stack, what should you do? | Email me at Totallyjen@gmail.com and tell me what I need to fix! Thank you!
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| The smallest living units in the human body are called... | Cells
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| Term meaning the study of cellular structure and function | cytology
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| Term integrating cytology, biology, chemistry, and physics | Cell biology
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| What are the two general classes of human body cells? | Sex/germ/reproductive cells and somatic/body cells
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| What are the male and female sex cells called? | Sperm and oocyte
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| What is the outer boundary of a human cell called? | Plasma membrane or cell membrane
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| Give the 4 general functions of the cell membrane | Physical isolation, regulation or exchange with environment, sensitivity to environment, structural support
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| Making up only 40% of the weight of a plasma membrane, these form most of its surface | lipids, specifically phospholipid bilayer
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| What is the watery medium called that surrounds cells? | Extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid
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| Two of these are at right angles inside the centrosome. They are essential to chromosome movement during cell division | Centrioles
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| this is made of proteins organized in microfilaments or microtubles to provide strength, support, and movement of structures and materials | Cytoskeleton
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| This is a lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins and carbs. | Plasma membrane
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| These are membrane extensions containing microfilaments that increase the surface area of the cell, facilitating absorption | Microvilli
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| Present on some cells, these are long extensions containing microtuble doublets that facilitate movement of materials over cell | Cilia
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| These are hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends. | Proteasomes
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| Term meaning breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal proteins | Proteolytic, proteolysis
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| These are RNA and proteins that float free in cytoplasm or bind to rough ER. They synthesize protein. | Ribosomes
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| These vesicles contain digestive enzymes and they remove damaged organelles or pathogens | Lysosomes (Lysis = break down)
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| This is a stack of flattened cisternae containing chambers for storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes | Golgi apparatus
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| This is a network of membranous channels extending through cytoplasm to synthesize secretory products, store and transport within the cell | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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| This is the powerhouse of the cell, producing ATP within its double cristae of metabolic enzymes | Mitochondria
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| This controls metabolism, storage, and processing of genetic information, and it controls protein synthesis | Nucleus
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| Term meaning increase in size | Growth
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| Term means production of more organisms organized like the original organism, refers to an increase in numbers | Reproduction
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| The ability to change internal and/or external properties in reaction to changing conditions, possibly move toward or away from stimulus | Responsiveness
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| Ability to move toward or away from environmental stimuli | Taxis
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| Ability of organisms to take nutrients from outside of themselves and use them in a series of controlled chemical reactions to provide energy | Metabolism
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| Name of chemical bonds in which metabolic energy is stored | Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP)
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| Membrane extensions containing microfilaments that increase surface area of a cell to facilitate absorption | microvilli
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| 9 microtubule triplets in a 9+0 array essential for movement of chromosomes in cell division and organization of mocrotubules in cytoskeleton | 2 centrioles in a centrosome
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| Proteins organized in fine filiments or slender tubes for strength, support, and movement of cellular structures and materials | Cytoskeleton
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| What is the plasma membrane made up of? | lipid bilayer continaining phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates
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| Liquid component to interior of cells that distributes materials by diffusion | cytosol
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| extensions containing microtubule doubles in 9+2 array that help move material over a cell's surface | Cilia
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| Hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends that break down and recycle damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins | Proteasomes
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| RNA + proteins that function in protein synthesis | Ribosomes
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| Membranous vesicles containing degradative enzyme that catabolize organic compounds and neutralize toxic compounds in the process | Peroxisomes (peroxide neutralizers)
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| Membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes to remove damaged organelles or pathogens | Lysosomes
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| Membrane bound vesicle that stores, alters, and packages secretory products and lysosomal enzymes | Golgi apparatus
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| Organelle made up of cisternae | Golgi apparatus (cisternae is the stacks of flattened membranous chambers)
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| Organelle made up of cristae | Mitochondria (cristae are the inner membrane folds)
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| Organelle responsible for 95% of ATP production | Mitochondria
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| Network of membranous channels that modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins | Rough ER
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| Network of membranous channels that synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates | Smooth ER
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| Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits | Nucleolus
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| Organelle in control of metabolism | nucleus
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| Two double membraned organelles | Nucleus and Mitochondria
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| Proteins that are part of the membrane structure that cannot be removed without damaging or destroying the membrane, usually transmembranous | Integral proteins
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| Proteins that are bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and are easily separated from it | Peripheral proteins
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| These membrane proteins attach the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilize its position to cytoskeleton or another cell | Anchoring proteins
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| These membrane proteins mark a cell as either normal or abnormal for the immune system | recognition proteins or identifiers
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| These membrane proteins may be integral or peripheral, and they catalyze reactions in the intra- or extra- cellular fluid | Enzymes
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| This extracellular particle will bind to an appropriate receptor, which may trigger changes in the cell activity | Ligands
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| These peripheral membrane proteins are sensitive to the presence of special extracellular molecules called ligands | Receptor proteins
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| These membrane proteins bind solutes and transport them across the plasma membrane, possibly with ATP | Carrier proteins
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| These membrane proteins are integral and contain a central pore for passage across the plasma membrane | Chanel proteins
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| Some substances that require a channel protein | ions, water and small solutes, water soluble materials (polar)
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| Functions of the glycocalyx | Lubrication, anchoring and locomotion, specificity in binding, recognition as self
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| Cytoplasm contains these two things... | Cytosol (intracellular fluid) and organelles
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| Masses of insoluble materials in the cytosol | inclusions
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| Internal protein framework giving cytoplasm strength and flexibility | cytoskeleton
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| Which type of cells has thick filaments? | muscle cells
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| Name a couple of things attached to microfilaments and microtubules of cytoskeleton | Ribosomes and RNA responsible for protein synthesis. Many intracellular enzymes especially those involved with metabolism and energy production.
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| Typical microfilaments are composed of... | the protein ACTIN
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| Where are microfilaments in the cell | the periphery, not near the nucleus
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| What is the name of the microfilament layer present in cells that form a layer or lining? | terminal web
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| Actin can interact with this protein to produce movement and change the shape of a cell | myosin
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| Name a couple functions of microtubules | Strength/rigidity, monorail system, form spindle apparatus, form centrioles and cilia
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| Small finger shaped projections of the plasma membrane on surface of some cells | Microvilli
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| Purpose of microvilli | Greatly increase surface area of cell exposed to extracellular environment
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| Describe the organization of centrioles | Nine triplets connected by their sides with no central microtubules, called a 9+0 array
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| Mature red blood cells, skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and typical neurons cannot divide. Why? | They have no centrioles
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| Fairly long slender extensions of the plasma membrane found on cells lining respiratory and reproductive tracts | cilia
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| Describe the organization of microtubules in the cilia | Nine pairs of microtubules surround a central pair, called a 9+2 array
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| In the basal body of cilia, what is the organization of microtubules? | Nine triplets connected by their sides with no central microtubules, called a 9+0 array
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| Name one place where ciliated cells create movement | In the trachea moving mucus, in the uterine tubes moving oocytes, in the testes moving sperm
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| Proteins are produced within cells using info from the DNA. The organelles responsible for protein synthesis are called... | ribosomes
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| Ribosomal units are made up of... | 60% rRNA and 40% protein
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| Before protein synthesis can begin, a small and large ribosomal subunit must join together with... | a strand of mRNA
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| What do free ribosomes do with the protein they produce? | They scatter it through the cytosol as they move through the cytoplasm
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| What do fixed ribosomes do with the protein they synthesize? | It enters the ER where it is modified and packaged for secretion
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| Organelles that remove proteins from cytoplasm using an assortment of proteases | Proteasomes
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| These "tag" a protein destined for recycling | Cytoplasmic enzymes, using ubiquitin
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| Which organelle is connected to the nuclear envelope | Endoplasmic reticulum
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| What is synthesized in the smooth ER? | Lipids: Phospholipids and cholesteral for use in cellular membranes. Steroid hormones like androgens and estrogens. Glycerides. Glycogen in skeletal muscle and liver cells
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| In some cells, like muscle and neural cells, the SER adjusts the composition of the cytosol by... | absorbing and storing ions such as Ca2+
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| This part of the ER can absorb drugs or toxins and neutralize them with enzymes within it | Smooth
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| The ER forms hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and chambers called... | cisternae
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| membrane bound organelle that breaks down molecules and organelles with powerful, but dangerous, enzymes | Lysosomes
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| Where are lysosomes produced? | the Golgi apparatus
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| The process of endocytosis creates a vesicle called an... | endosome
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| Inactive cells are destroyed by lysosomes disintegrating, releasing enzymes which become activated in cytosol. This process is called... | autolysis
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| Conditions affecting children who lack lysosomal enzymes and waste products build up, eventually killing the victim | Lysosomal storage disease
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| These organelles are produced by growth and division of others that already exist, and contain enzymes produced at ribosomes that are carried to them by carrier proteins | Peroxisomes
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| What do peroxisomes break down? | Fatty acids and other organic compounds, and the H2O2 they produce
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| What enzyme in peroxisomes breaks down hydrogen peroxide? | Catalase turns it into oxygen and water
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| Name for the continuous movement and change of the nuclear envelope, ER, vesicles, golgi, and plasma membrane | membrane flow
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| These membranous folds increase the surface area exposed to the fluid contents, or matrix, of mitochondria. | Cristae
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| The first step in ATP production occurs in the cytoplasm, and is a process called | glycolysis
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| Glycolysis breaks glucose down into two molecules of... | pyruvate
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| Inside the mitochondrial matrix, a CO2 molecule is removed from pyruvate, which then enters this cycle | Citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle
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| What are the byproducts of Krebs cycle? | carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The carbon and oxygen diffuse out of the cell in the form of Carbon Dioxide, the hydrogen ultimately bonds to Oxygen
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| Why is the prodeuction of ATP considered aerobic metabolism, or cellular respiration? | Because oxygen is required
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| How is the 5% of energy NOT created by mitochondria produced? | Enzymatic reactions in the cytoplasm
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| Largest and most conspicuous structure in the cell | Nucleus
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| The two layers of the nuclear membrane are separated by a narrow... | perinuclear space
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| Transient nuclear organelles that synthesize ribosomal RNA | Nucleoli
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| What are nucleoli composed of? | RNA, enzymes, and histones
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| What types of cells would you find the most nucleoli? | Those that manufacture large amounts of proteins, such as the liver, nerve, and muscle cells.
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| What determines the information available to the cell at any moment? | Interaction between the DNA and the histones
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| DNA strands wound loosely around a histone form a tangle of filaments called... | Chromatin
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| DNA strands coiled tightly around histones form distinct structures called... | Chromosomes
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| Name the chemical language the cell uses to build proteins and inherited information | genetic code
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| The genetic code has this title because a sequence of three nitrogenous bases specifies the identity of a single amino acid | Triplet code
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| The functional unit of heredity | Gene
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| Factors controlling gene activation | Gene must uncoil, histones must be removed
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| Name the gene that has the signal "read me", "don't read me" or "start" | Promoter
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| Each gene ends with what signal? | STOP codon
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| What starts gene activation? | Complementary strands separate and histone is removed
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| The first start of transcription (RNA synthesis) involves the promoter gene binding with this enzyme | RNA polymerase
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| What do we call a three-base mRNA sequence that contain nitrogenous bases complementary to the template strand | Codon
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| Each gene has some nonfunctional triplets that need to be removed from the pre-mRNA. Name the parts that are removed and the parts kept. | Remove introns, keep exons and splice them together
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| The formation of a linear chain of amino acids using the information provided by an mRNA strand | translation
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| what is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) | Bind to and deliver a specific type of amino acid
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| What is the numerical relationship between nitrogenous bases and amino acids? | One amino acid has 3 nitrogenous bases, or 3 nucleotides
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| Gene activation or diactivation is triggered by changes in the... | surrounding cytoplasm
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| property of plasma to determine what can pass | permeability
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| Levels of permeability | Freely, selectively, or impermeable
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| Net movement from higher to lower concentration | diffusion
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| Difference between concentrations or potential energy | Gradient
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| Some factors that influence (increase) diffusion rates | Distance to travel (shorter), size of molecule (smaller), temperature (higher), concentration gradient (larger), electrical forces (opposite)
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| Another name for passive channels | leak channels
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| term for diffusion of water | osmosis
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| Three requirements of osmosis | 1) membrane selectively permeable to solutes 2) membrane freely permeable to water 3) from lower to higher solute concentration
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| Indication of the force with which pure water moves into a solution as a result of its solute concentration | osmotic pressure
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| Opposing pressure that can prevent osmotic flow of water into a solution or measure osmotic pressure | hydrostatic pressure
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| Which eliminates solute concentration differences more readily, osmosis or solute diffusion? | Osmosis
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| Term meaning total solute concentration in an aqueous solution | Osmolarity or osmotic concentration
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| Description of how solutes affect a cell | tonicity
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| Salt concentration of isotonic solution | 0.9% (Normal Saline)
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| red blood cell bursting | hemolysis
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| Purpose of dextran | Draw fluid into vessels from extracellular fluid to increase blood volume
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| Always an active process, this method of transport involves movement of materials within small membranous sacs | vesicular transport, or bulk transport, or endocytosis and exocytosis
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| Carrier mediated transport forms all have these characteristics: | Specificity, saturation limits, regulation (presence of cofactors) **Notice the similarity to enzyme characteristics
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| Transport by carrier of two substances simultaneously in the same direction | cotransport
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| Transport by carrier of two substances simultaneously in the opposite direction | Countertransport or antiport
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| Inadequate production of insulin | diabetes mellitus
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| What provides energy for active transport? | ATP
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| All cells contain these carrier proteins which transport cations and sometimes anions across their membranes | ion pumps or exchange pumps
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| A fancy ion pump that fixes the NA coming in and the K going out through diffusion across leak channels | Sodium Potassium Exchange
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| I stopped CH3 notes on p 96. This included mitosis, interphase, and cytokinesis. | I still hit the related clinical terms on p 103
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| irreversible change in size and shape of tissue cells | anaplasia
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| reversible change in normal shape, size, and organization of tissue cells | dysplasia (dys=wrong plasia=growth)
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| increase in number of normal cells enlarging the tissue | hyperplasia (hyper=over plasia=growth)
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| increase in size of cells that enlarges tissue or organ | hypertrophy (hyper=over trophy=nourishment)
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| lipid sac enclosing water, often formed artificially for drugs | liposome
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