CH. 15 16 17
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| Evolution | Change over time
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| Theory | well supported testable explanation of phenamena that have occurred in the natural world
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| Charles Darwin | 1809. Made many observations and collected evidence that led him to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about the way life changes over time
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| Fossil | preserved remains of ancient organisms
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| James Hutton | Proposes that earth is shaped by geological forces that took place over extremely long periods of time. He estimates Earth to be millions-not thousands of years old
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| Thomas Malthus | In his essay on the principle of population, Malthus predicts that the human population will grow faster than the space and food supplies needed to sustain it
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| Jean Lamarck | Publishes his hypotheses of the inheritance of acquired traits. The ideas are flawed, but he is one of the first to propose a mechanism explaining how organisms change over time
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| Charles Lyell | In the second and final volume of the principles of Principles of Geology, Lyell explains that processes occurring now have shaped Earth’s geological features over long periods of time
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| Alfred Wallace | Wallace writes to Darwin, speculating on evolution by natural selection, based on his studies of the distribution of plants and animals.
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| Artificial Selection | Breeding the best of the best to get the acquired traits needed/wanted
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| Struggle For Existence | members of each species compete regularly to obtain food, living space, and other necessities of life
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| Fitness | the ability to survive and reproduce in its specific enviroment
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| Adaptation | any inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
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| Survival of the fittest | ability to survive and reproduce the most succesfully
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| Natural Selection | results in change in the inherited characteristics of a population.
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| Descent with modification | species descending with changes from another species over time
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| Common Descent | We all come from a common species
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| Homologous Structures | structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
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| Vestigial organs | organs that have little or no function
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| Summary of Darwin's theory (1-3) | 1.Individual organs differ, and some of this variation is heritable. 2. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive and many that do survive do not produce. 3. Because more organisms are produced than can survive, they compete for limited rescources
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| Summary of Darwin's Theory (4) | Each unique organism has different advantages and disadvantages in the struggle for existence.Individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully.These organisms pass their heritable traits to their offspring.
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| Summary of Darwin's Theory (5) | Species alive today are descended with modification from ancestral species that lived in the distant past. This process, by which diverse species evolved from common ancestors, unites all organisms on Earth into a single tree of life.
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| Gene Pool | Consists of all Genes
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| Relative Frequency | the number of times that the allele occurs in a gene pool compared to the number of times that the other alleles for the same gene occur.
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| Evolution | any change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population
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| Two main sources of genetic variation: | Mutations and Genetic shuffling
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| Single Gene Trait | a trait that is controlled by a gene that has two alleles
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| Polygenic Trait | a trait that is controlled by two or more genes that often has two or more alleles
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| Natural Selection in a single gene trait can lead to: | changes in the allele frequencies and thus to evolution
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| What three ways can natural selection affect the distributions of phenotypes? | 1. Directional Selection 2. Stabilizing Selection 3. Disruptive Selection
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| Directional Selection | When individuals at one end of the curve have a higher fitness than individuals at the other end or middle
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| Stabilizing Selection | When individuals near the center of the curve have a higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve
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| Disruptive Selection | When individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have a higher fitness than individuals near the middle
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| Genetic Drift | Random change in the allele frequency
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| Founder Effect | A situation in which allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
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| HArdy-Weinberg Principle | Allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change
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| Genetic Equilibrium | Situation in which allele frequencies remain constant
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| Five conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium are: | 1. There must be random mating 2. The population must be very large 3. There can be no movement into or out of the population 4. No mutations 5. No natural selection
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| Speciation | New Species
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| As new species evolve, populations become... | ...reproductively isolated from each other
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| Reproductive Isolation | when the members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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| Behavioral Isolation | When two populations are capable of interbreeding but have differences in courtship rituals or other reproductive strategies
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| Geographic Isolation | When to populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water
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| Temporal Isolation | When two or more species reproduce at different times
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| Paleontologists | Scientists who study fossils
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| Fossil Record | provides evidence about the history of life on Earth. It Also shows how different groups of organisms, including species, have hanged over time
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| Extinct | When a species has died out
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| Relative Dating | Determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock
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| Index Fossils | The fossils used to compare to other fossils. Must have existed for a short period of time but have a wide geographical range
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| What does relative dating allow scientists to do? | It allows them to estimate a fossil's age compared with that of other fossils
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| Half Life | The length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay
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| Radioactive Dating | Scientists calculate the age of a sample based on the amount of remaining radioactive isotopes it contains
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| Geologic Time Scale | A Scale that represents the evolutionary timeline
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| Eras | Subunits of Periods
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| Periods | Made up of eras which range from tens of millions of years old to less than two million years old
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| Earth's early atmosphere probably contained... | ...Hydrogen Cyanide, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Water
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| Miller's and Urey's experiments suggested what? | How mixtures of the organic compounds necessary for life could have arisen from simpler compounds present on primitive Earth
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| Proteinoid Microspheres | Large organic molecules that are not cells but have some characteristics of living things
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| Microfossils | unicellular prokaryotic organisms that resemble modern bacteria
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| Endosymbiotic Theory | Proposes that Eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic organism
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| Mass Extinction | Times where many types of species became extinct at the same time
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| Macroevolution | large scale evolutionary patterns
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| Six important topics in macroevolution ar... | ... Extinction, Adaptive Radiation, Convergent Evolution, Coevolution, Punctuated Equilibrium, and changes in developmental genes
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| Adaptive Radiation | when a species evolves into diverse forms that live in different ways
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| Convergent Evolution | Process by which unrelated organisms come to resemble one another
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| Coevolution | the process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time
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| Punctuated Equilibrium | A pattern of long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of more rapid changes
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