Freshman Honors Biology - Ch. 9 & 12 Genetics
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| genetics | the field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring |
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| heredity | the transmission of chracteristics from parents to offspring |
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| trait | a genetically determined variant of a characteristic |
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| pollination | process during which pollen grains produced in the anthers are transferred to the stigma |
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| self-pollination | process during which pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of either the same flower or another flower on the same plant |
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| cross-pollination | process of pollination that occurs between flowers of two plants |
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| true-breeding | pure; always produce offspring with that trait |
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| p generation | true-breeding parents |
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| f1 generation | first filial generation |
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| f2 generation | second filial generation |
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| dominant | factor that masks or dominates the factor for the other trait in the pair |
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| recessive | factor that is dominated or masked by the other trait in the pair |
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| law of segregation | law stating that a pair of factors is segregated, or separated, during the formation of gametes (meiosis) |
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| law of independent assortment | law stating that factors seperate independently of one another during the formation of gametes (meiosis) |
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| allele | eachof two or more alternative forms of a gene |
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| genotype | an organism's genetic makeup |
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| phenotype | an organism's appearance |
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| homozygous | when both alleles of a pair are alike |
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| heterozygous | when the two alleles in a pair are different |
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| probability | the likelihood that a specific event will occur |
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| monohybrid cross | a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked |
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| dihybrid cross | a cross in which two characteristics are tracked |
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| punnett square | a diagram used to predict the probable distribution of inherited traits in the offspring of two parents |
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| genotypic ratio | the ratio of the genotypes that appear in off spring |
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| phenotypic ratio | the ratio of the offspring's phenotypes |
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| testcross | the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual |
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| complete dominance | a relationship in which one allele is compeltely dominant over the other |
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| incomplete dominance | when the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes determined by the dominant and recessive traits |
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| codominance | when both alleles for a gene are expressed in a heterozygous offspring |
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| sex chromosome | chromosome containing genes that determine the sex of an individual |
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| autosome | another chromosome that isn't directly involved in dermining the sex of an individual |
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| SRY gene | Sex-determining Region Y gene |
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| sex-linked trait | a trait that is coded for by an allele on a sex chromosome |
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| linked genes | pairs of genes that tend to be inherited together |
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| chromosome map | diagram that shows the linear order of genes on a chromosome |
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| map unit | frequency of crossing-over |
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| germ-cell mutations | mutations that occur in an organism's gametes that do not affect the organism itself, but can be passed on to offspring |
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| somatic-cell mutations | mutations that take place in an organism's body cells, and can affect the organism, but cannot be passed on to offspring |
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| lethal mutations | mutations that cause death, often before birth |
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| deletion | the loss of a piece of a chromosome due to breakage |
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| inversion | a chromosomal segment breaking off and reattaching to a nonhomologous chromosome |
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| translocation | a piece of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a nonhomologous chromosome |
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| nondisjunction | a chromosome's failure to separate from its homologue during meiosis |
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| point mutation | the substitution, addition, or removal of a single nucleotide |
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| substitution | the replacement of one nucleotide by another |
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| frameshift mutation | incorrect grouping of the remaining codons |
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| insertion mutations | addition of one or more nucleotides to a gene, which can also result in a frameshift mutation |
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| pedigree | a diagramthat shows how a trait is inherited over several generations |
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| carrier | individuals who have one copyof the recessive allele but do not have the disease |
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| genetic disorders | diseases or disabling conditions that have a genetic basis |
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| polygenic characters | characteristics that are influenced by several genes |
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| complexcharacter | characters that are influenced strongly both by the environment and by genes |
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| multiple alleles | genes with three or more alleles |
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| codominance | when both alleles are expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote |
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| incomplete dominance | when an individual displays a trait that is intermediate between the two parents |
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| sex-influenced traits | traits that are involved in other complex characters |
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| Huntington's disease | HD; autosomal dominant condition characterized by forgetfulness and irritability |
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| amniocentesis | process during which a physician removes some amniotic fluid from the amnionitic sac surroudning the fetus during the 14th-18th week of pregnancy, to analyze the fetal cells for chromosomes and proteins in the fluid |
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| chorionic villi sampling | process in which the physician takes a spmple of the chorionic villi between the 8th and 10th week, for testing |
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| chorionic villi | cells derivedfrom the zygote thatgrow between the mother's uterus and placenta |
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| genetic counseling | the process of informing a person or couple about their genetic makeup |
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| gene therapy | a technique that places a healthy copy of a gene into the cells of a person whose copy of the gene is defective |
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| Huntington's Disease (HD) | disease involved in the movement of vesicles in nerve cells; mutation causes extra copies of codon CAG in gene | huntingtin protein | gradual deterioration of brain tissue in middle age;shortened life expectancy | autosomal dominant on chromosome 4
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| cystic fibrosis | disease that regulates the transport of chloride ions in epithelial cells | CFTR - cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator | mucus clogs lungs and pancreas; victims today live to early adulthood or longer | autosomal recessive on chromosome 7
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| sickle cell anemia | disease affecting oxygen being carried in the blood; mutation causing red blood cells to change shape and clog capillaries | beta globin (gene HBB) | organ damage due to impaired blood flow | autosomal recessive on chromosome 11
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| tay-sach's disease | breaking down of cellular wastes in lysosome; mutation allows waste buildup, causing nerve-cell death | hexosaminidase A (gene HEXA) | deterioration of cenral nervous system in infancy; death in early childhood | autosomal recessive on chromosome 15
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| phenylketonuria (PKU) | disease that catalyzes change of the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine; without the enzyme, a toxic substance accumulates | phenylalanine hydroxylase (gene PAH) | infant brain fails to develop normally; death in childhood | autosomal recessive on chromosome 12
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| marfan syndrome | affects the major component of connective tissue; lack of this protein causes weakness of ligaments and blood-vessel sheaths | fibrillin-1 (gene FBN1) | long limbs, loose joints, deformed vertebral column, crowded teeth, rupture of large arteries | autosomal dominant on chromosome 15
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| breast cancer | inhibits growth of breast and ovarian tumors,probably byencouraging repair of DNA damage | breast cancer-1 (gene BRCA1) | malignant tumors in breast tissue | autosomal dominant on chromosome 17
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| hemophilia | affects what helps cause blood to clot; the mutant protein does not function in clotting | coagulation factor 8 (gene F8) | prolonged bleeding due to ineffective blood clotting | x-linked recessive on chromosome X
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