Conduction: Microanatomy and Physiology
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| The functional layers of the heart | Endocardium (inner lining of heart), Epicardium (Outer lining of the heart), Myocardium (heart muscle)
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| Endocardium | In contact with blood, simple squamous (endothelium), Valves and Ct are outgrowths of endocardium
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| Epicardium | Contains blood vessels, simple squamous (mesothelium), also the same thing as visceral pericardium
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| Myocardium | Cardiac muscle
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| Intercalated Discs allow for | Coordinated heart contractions, connect cytoplasm of each cell to the cytoplasm of neighbors
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| Cardiac nuclei are located | centrally
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| SA node is located in the | Right atria
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| AV node is located in | Septal wall of the right atrium
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| Purkinje cells appear as | slightly transparent, large diameter cardiac myocytes in the endocardium
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| Mesothelial lining | A serious layer that releases fluid to keep the heart from adhering to parietal pericardium
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| Annulus fibrosis | A fibrous skeleton of connective tissue that insulates ventricles from the atria. Only depolarization from the AV node penetrates
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| ___initiate the contraction of the heart | Action potentials
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| Three areas of the heart that have automaticity (spontaneous depolarization) | SA node, AV node, (some)Purkinje fibers
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| "Phase 4" is also known as the | Slow diastolic depolarization
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| Outflow of potassium (Ik) is involved in | Repolarization
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| "Funny channel" (If) is a | inward sodium current when SA node cells have gone down to -60mV (resting minimum potential)
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| "Phase 4" is due to which ion current | If or funny channel which is an influx of sodium
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| Calcium channels opening cause | An influx of calcium which cause a rapid depolarization
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| Norepinephrine binding to Beta1 on the SA node causes | Increase the function of If (funny channel) which increases rate of diastolic depolarization (Sympathetics)
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| M receptors binding with Acetylcholine in the SA node causes | Increase in the potassium channel which decreases rate of diastolic depolarization (Parasympathetics)
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| Conduction rate in SA node | .05 m/s
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| Conduction rate in atria | 1 m/s
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| Conduction rate in AV node | .01-.05 m/s
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| AV nodal conduction is dependent on on voltage-gated _____ channels | Ltype-Calcium
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| Speed of conduction in Purkinje fibers | 4-5 m/s
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