health and wellness exam 3, chs 10-13
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| Stressor | A specific physical or psychological event, condition, or demand that triggers stress
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| Stress | The collective physical and emotional changes an individual experiences in response to a stressor
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| Homeostasis | A stable state of physiological functioning (metabolic equilibrium) actively maintained by complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system
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| Acute stress | A state of stress experienced in response to an immediate perceived threat, real or imagined
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| Stress (fight-or-flight) response | Physiological changes that occur in reaction to a stressor that prepare an individual for a physical response (to fight or to flee)
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| Autonomic nervous system (ANS) | Branch of the nervous system that provides unconscious control of basic body processes; consists of two divisions, sympathetic and parasympathetic
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| Sympathetic nervous system | A division of the autonomic nervous system that quickly generates the fight-or-flight response in reaction to a perceived threat; it accelerates key body processes to prepare the body for physical action
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| Parasympathetic nervous system | A division of the autonomic nervous system that balances the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by slowing body processes, returning the body to homeostasis once a stressor has passed
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| Adrenalin | A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, which sit on top of the kidneys; it binds to cells in the body and helps trigger the immediate changes of the fight or flight response, including increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supplies
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| Cortisol | A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands; it is secreted in response to stress and helps trigger the changes of the fight or flight response, including increased blood glucose, altered immune function, and reduction in nonessential body functions
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| Oxytocin | A hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; in women, it facilitates dilation of the cervix during labor and the letdown reflex during breastfeeding; it also facilitates trust, empathy, and social bonding
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| Fear | Feeling anxious or apprehensive about a possible or probable situation or event
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| Anxiety | A persistent state of worry, fear, unease, and nervousness not directed at any particular threat; can be a normal part of the reaction to stress or, if excessive, may indicate a psychological disorder
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| Phobia | A persistent irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation; a form of anxiety disorder
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| Personality | A collection of emotional, intellectual, and social qualities or traits that characterize an individual
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| Type A personality | A personality type characterized by traits of urgency, impatience, hostility, excessive competitiveness, and drive for success
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| Type B personality | A personality type characterized by traits of relaxation, patience, and adaptability
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| Transactional model of stress | A four-step framework for evaluating an individual’s coping process for a stressor; an individual evaluates the stressor and her or his coping resources before deciding how to respond and then whether the response was successful
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| Attribution theory | A theory of stress focused on how individuals explain success or failure after a stressful event—whether the outcome is attributable to external or internal factors
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| Yerkes-Dodson law | The empirical relationship between stress (arousal) and performance, in which some stress is beneficial but too much is detrimental to performance; also called the inverted U hypothesis
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| Chronic stress | Stress that lasts a long time or occurs frequently
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| General adaptation syndrome | A model of the body’s response to chronic stress; the three phases are alarm (fight-or-flight response), resistance, and exhaustion
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| Eustress | A positive stressor that enhances physical or mental functioning; it is typically short-term and may feel exciting or motivating
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| Distress | A negative stressor that causes emotional pain, anxiety, or injury; it may be short- or long-term and cause anxiety and other unpleasant feelings
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| Allostatic load | Cumulative physical damage of chronic exposure to the stress response, especially the effects of stress hormones
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| Passive communication | A communication style in which the goal is to avoid confrontation; the individual may allow his or her own rights to be violated by failing to express honest feelings, beliefs, or thoughts
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| Aggressive communication | A communication style in which the goal is to get what one wants, no matter the cost to others; characterized by clear expression of needs and desires but lack of consideration for the feelings or welfare of others
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| Assertive communication | A communication style in which the primary goal is to solve a problem, finding a balance between one’s own needs and the needs of others; characterized by clear expression of needs and wants in a way that is respectful and sensitive to others
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| Insomnia | Persistent problems falling asleep or staying asleep
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| Spirituality | A person’s system of beliefs and values, feelings of connectedness to self and others, and experience of finding meaning and purpose in life
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| Relaxation response | A physiological state of deep rest that reverses the body’s responses to stress
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| Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) | A relaxation method that involves tensing and relaxing muscles of the body in sequence
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| Meditation | A broad group of self-directed practices that quiet and focus the mind and relax the body
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| Visualization | For stress management, a technique involving using all the senses to imagine a place or scene that is comfortable, soothing, and relaxing
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| Depression | A psychological disorder characterized by feelings of sadness and hopelessness, loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable, poor concentration, and physical symptoms such as fatigue, sleeping problems, and poor appetite
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| Cardiovascular disease (CVD) | Any disease that affects the heart (cardio) and/or blood vessels (vascular)
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| Coronary artery disease (CAD) | Disease of the arteries of the heart characterized by the build-up of fats and other substance and reduction of blood flow
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| Atherosclerosis | Build-up of plaque in the inner lining of arteries, leading to narrowing, reduction of blood flow, and possible blockage
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| Arteriosclerosis | A chronic disease characterized by abnormal thickening and hardening of the arteries, resulting in loss of elasticity
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| Angina pectoris | Chest pain caused by a reduced blood supply to the heart
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| Heart attack (myocardial infarction) | Damage or death of heart muscle due to insufficient blood supply, usually caused by a blockage in a coronary artery that deprives part of the heart of oxygen
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| Arrhythmia | Abnormal heart rhythm
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| Cardiac arrest | Sudden temporary or permanent cessation of heartbeat
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| Stroke | Interruption of the blood and oxygen supply to part of the brain; caused by a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or a ruptured artery (hemorrhagic stroke)
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| Transient ischemic attack (TIA) | Temporary blockage of one or more arteries in the brain; doesn’t typically cause lasting damage but is a warning sign for a full-blown stroke
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| Peripheral artery disease (PAD) | Damage or dysfunction of arteries outside the heart, most commonly in the legs; usually caused by atherosclerosis and resulting in reduced blood flow
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| Systolic blood pressure | Force of blood on the vessel walls during the contraction of the heart; the top number in a blood pressure reading
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| Diastolic blood pressure | Force of blood on the vessel walls when the heart is a rest (between contractions); the bottom number in a blood pressure reading
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| Hypertension | Sustained high blood pressure
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| Heart failure | A condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood at a sufficient rate or volume, resulting in insufficient blood flow to the body’s organs and tissues and, in some cases, fluid build-up
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| Cholesterol | A fat, waxy substance that is produced by the liver and consumed from animal products; excess cholesterol in the bloodstream can be deposited on artery walls
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| Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) | A type of lipoprotein that circulates in the blood and deposits cholesterol on artery walls, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease; also known as “bad cholesterol”
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| High-density lipoproteins (HDL) | A type of lipoprotein that circulates in the blood and carries excess cholesterol back to the liver for elimination from the body; also known as “good cholesterol”
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| Triglycerides | The most common form of fat in foods and in the body; high blood levels of triglyceride increases risk for cardiovascular disease
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| Metabolic syndrome | A group of risk factors linked to overweight and obesity that increase the chance of having heart disease, diabetes, and stroke; large waistline, low HDL, and elevated triglycerides, fasting blood sugar, and blood pressure
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| Cancer | A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
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| Tumor | Mass of cells with no physiological function that arises from uncontrolled cellular growth; may be benign or malignant
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| Benign | Non-cancerous
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| Malignant | Cancerous
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| Metastasis | The spread of cancerous cells from the site of the original disease to other parts of the body
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| Carcinogen | A substance or agent that causes cancer
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| Chemotherapy | Treatment involving the use of chemical agents (drugs) to kill cancer cells
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| Radiation therapy | The use of high-energy rays to kill or damage cancer cells to keep them from growing or spreading; also known as radiation therapy
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| Diabetes mellitus | A disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by inadequate production or use of insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels
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| Insulin | A hormone produced and secreted by the pancreas that circulates in the blood and is essential to glucose absorption by cells
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| Hyperglycemia | Excessively high blood glucose levels
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| Hypoglycemia | Abnormally low blood glucose levels
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| Type 1 diabetes | Form of diabetes characterized by little or no insulin secretion; an autoimmune disease that occurs when the body’s immune system destroys the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas
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| Type 2 diabetes | The most common form of diabetes, characterized by impaired insulin use by the cells and, in some cases, insufficient insulin production
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| Gestational diabetes | The form of diabetes in which high blood glucose levels occur during pregnancy
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| Pre-diabetes | A condition characterized by blood glucose levels that are above normal but not yet high enough to be classified as diabetes
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| Infectious disease | A disease that is transmissible from person to person through direct or indirect means; infection refers to invasion and multiplication of an organism; symptomatic disease follows if the body cannot quickly eliminate the pathogen
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| Pathogen | A specific causative agent of infectious disease; examples include virus, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi
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| Immune system | Complex network of organs, tissues, and cells that produce the immune response and defend the body from disease-causing agents
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| Antigen | Protein molecules on the surface of infectious agents that are recognized as foreign by the immune system and that trigger the immune response
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| Antibody | Molecule produced by the immune system that binds to a specific antigen and marks it for destruction
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| Lymphatic system | Network of vessels and organs that returns fluid to the circulatory system; produces, activates, and transports infection-fighting cells; and plays a role in disposing of foreign material and cellular debris
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| Vaccine | A preparation of weakened or killed microorganisms or inactivated toxins that is administered to stimulate immunity; it elicits an immune response that offers long-lasting protection against that particular antigen
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| Acute infection | An infection that develops rapidly and lasts for a short period; characterized by incubation, prodrome (beginning of symptoms), illness, and convalescence and recovery
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| Chronic infection | A prolonged infection that continues beyond the time when the immune system would reasonably be expected to clear the infection from the body
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| Latent infection | An infection that lies dormant in the body for a period of time but may recur under certain circumstances
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| Antibiotic | A compound that is used to treat bacterial infections by killing the bacteria or inhibiting its growth
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| Influenza | A highly infectious respiratory disease caused by an influenza virus; the “flu”
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| Herpes | A family of viruses that includes those responsible for chicken pox, cold sores, mononucleosis, and genital herpes; herpes viruses have the ability to establish lifelong latent infections
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| Meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain the spinal cord
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| Sexually transmitted infection (STI) | An infection that is primarily spread through person-to-person sexual contact
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| Trichomoniasis | Sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoa Trichomonas
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| Chlamydia | Sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis
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| Gonorrhea | Sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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| Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | Infection of the reproductive system in women, typically caused by untreated chlamydia or gonorrhea; can result in reproductive system damage and infertility
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| Syphilis | A multi-stage sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum
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| Genital herpes | A chronic or latent sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus and characterized by genital sores
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| Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection | A sexually transmitted viral infection that can cause genital warts and cellular changes that lead to cervical and other cancers; can be a chronic infection
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| Viral hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver caused by infection with one of the hepatitis viruses; can become a chronic infection
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| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | The virus that causes HIV infection and AIDS; infects and destroys cells of the immune system
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| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | A disease of the immune system characterized by a severe reduction in the number of CD4+ cells, leaving an individual susceptible to other infections and diseases; the final stage of HIV infection
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| Drug | A chemical substance that alters the structure of function of the body
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| Psychoactive drug | A drug that alters a person’s state of mind or consciousness
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| Intoxication | The state of being mentally affected by a drug
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| Addictive behavior | A behavior or habit that is out of control and has a serious impact on an individual’s life; characterized by craving and compulsive use
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| Drug misuse | Intentional or unintentional use of a medication in ways other than as directed or intended
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| Drug abuse | A harmful pattern of drug use that persists despite negative consequences; may involve continual or intermittent use of a drug
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| Drug addiction (dependence) | A chronic disease characterized by compulsive ongoing use of a drug despite serious consequences
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| Ethyl alcohol | The intoxicating psychoactive drug found in alcoholic beverages; also called alcohol
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| Binge drinking | Drinking alcohol to the point of intoxication; usually involves consuming 5 or more drinks for men or 4 or more drinks for women in a period of 2 hours or less
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| Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) | A measure of intoxication; the amount of alcohol in the blood in terms of weight of alcohol per unit volume of blood, expressed as a percentage
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| Cirrhosis | A liver disease in which cells are replaced by fibrous scar tissue; can be caused by excessive long-term alcohol use
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| Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) | A range of birth defects that can occur in an infant exposed to alcohol before birth
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| Alcohol abuse | A pattern of drinking that is harmful to one’s health, results in behavior that is harmful to others, or impairs an individual’s ability to meet school, work, and family responsibilities
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| Alcohol dependence | Chronic pathological use of alcohol despite repeated and serious consequences; usually characterized by tolerance and withdrawal; alcoholism
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| Nicotine | Poisonous, addictive psychoactive drug found in tobacco
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| Environmental tobacco smoke | Smoke that enters the atmosphere from being exhaled by a smoker and by the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe; also called secondhand smoke
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| Sidestream smoke | Smoke that enters the atmosphere from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe
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| Mainstream smoke | Smoke that enters the atmosphere by being exhaled by a smoker
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| physiological responses of the fight or flight response | release of epinephrine, cortisol and pain-dulling endorphins; increased heart rate and breathing, pupils dilate, blood vessels constrict
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| #1 stressor for American adults | money
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| which gender tends to be more stressed? why? | men; biological and behavioral responses, cultural differences in what is gender-appropriate, women secrete more oxytocin, testosterone overrides oxytocin
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| attribution theory: when we fail | we're likely to attribute our failure to an external force
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| attribution theory: when others fail | we're likely to attribute others' failure to a cause within them
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| transactional model of stress | primary appraisal (will it hurt), secondary appraisal (can i control it), coping (what to do about it), reappraisal (is the stress still there)
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| #1 stress management technique for Americans | music
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| top 3 chronic diseases; which has the highest mortality rate | CVD, cancer, and diabetes; CVD
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| explain atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis | atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis
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| explain blood pressure in terms of systolic and diastolic | systolic is the top number, normal is 120/80, over 140/90 is hypertension
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| optimal range of total cholesterol | <200mg/dl
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| optimal range of LDL | <100mg/dl
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| optimal range of HDL | >50mg/dl, the higher the better
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| optimal range of triglycerides | <150mg/dl
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| 4 risks of cancer | genes (5-10%), age, gender, ethnicity
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| general definition for diabetes | A metabolic disorder characterized by problems with the body’s production or use of insulin
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| Type 1 diabetes | Autoimmune disease attacking and destroying the insulin producing cells of the pancreas
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| Type 2 diabetes | Insulin Resistance; Cells don’t respond to insulin
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| 5 ways to prevent CVD, cancer and diabetes | healthy diet, physical activity, healthy weight, control cholesterol, avoid tobacco, etc.
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| antigen | infectious agents that are recognized as foreign, triggering the immune response
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| antibody | binds to a specific antigen, marking it for destruction
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| curable STDs | trichomoniasis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis
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| vaccine-preventable STDs | HPV, hepatits B
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| (chronic and) incurable STDs | HPV, genital herpes, HIV, hepatitis B
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| incubation stage of infection | time that pathogen infects
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| prodrome stage of infection | first sign/symptom
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| illness stage of infection | specific signs/symptoms
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| convalescence | acute symptoms subside
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| caffeine | competitive inhibitor of adenosine; safe to take in 3-6mg/kg
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| 5 effects of alcohol | intoxication, fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis, hypertension
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| cirrhosis | death of liver tissue
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| how does creatine work | ATP + Cr <-> ADP + PCr
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| why supplement beta-alanine | increases carnosine levels, enhance buffering capacity
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| 3 BCAAs | leucine, isoleucine, valine
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| whey | soluble, so digests rapidly
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