Cells
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| theory | th best explanation of all available evidence
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| cells | the smallest living subunits of a multicellular organixm
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| microns | 1/25000 of an inch
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| plasma membrane or cell membrane | made of phospholipids cholesterol and proteins
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| pores | channels to permit passage of materials
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| enzymes | carriers that help substances enter the cell
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| antigens | markers that identify the cells of an individual as "self"
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| receptors sites | groups of proteins that bond with hormones causing chemical r4eactions within the cell membrane or the interior of the cell
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| selectively permeable | substances are permitted to pass through and others are not
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| nucleus | within the cytoplasm contains nucleoli and chromosomes of the cell
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| nuclear membrane | double layer membrane around nucleus that has many pores
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| nucleolus | small sphere made of DNA RNA and protein, the control center for the cell
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| chromosomes | made of DNA and protein humans have 46 (23 pairs)
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| chromatin | long threads that make up chromosomes
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| gene | genetic code for one protein
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| cytoplasm | water solution of minerals, gases, and organic molecules found between the cell membrane and nucleus
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| organnelles | intracellular structures with specific roles in cellular function
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| endoplasmic reticulum | extensive network of membranous tubules, passage way for transport of materials necessary for cell funcion
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| ribosomes | site of protein synthesis
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| golgi apparatus | site of carbohydrate systhesis
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| mitochondria | site of aerobic reactions of cellular respiration (ATP production)
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| aerobic | oxygen requiring
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| lysosomes | bacterial destroying structures
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| centrioles | pairs fo rod shaped structures located outside the nucleus that organize the spindle fibers during cell division
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| cilia | short hair like projections taht sweep material across cell surface
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| flagellum | long hair like projecion used for motility
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| motility | movement
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| microvilli | fold of cell membrane on the free surface of a cell for increase surface area for absorption
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| diffusion | movement of molecules in a liquid or gas
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| concentration gradient | movement of molecules from area of greater contration to lesser concentration
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| osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane or barrier
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| facilitated diffusion | molecules move through a membrane from greater to lesser concentration but they need assistance
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| carrier enzymes (transporters) | protiens that are part of the cell membrane that bonds to glucose to transport the glucose into the interior of the cell
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| active transport | requires ATP to move molecules from areas of lesser concentration
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| filtration | water and dissolved materials are forced through a membrane from area of higher pressure to lower pressure requires energy from mechanical pressure but not ATP
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| blood pressure | created by pumping of the heart, filtration
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| phagocytosis | white blood cell engulfing bacteria, mobile. example- white blood cells
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| pinocytosis | absorb small molecules, stationary example- cells of the kidney tubules
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| isotonic | solution with same salt concentration than in cells
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| hypotonic | solution with a lower salt concentration than in cells
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| hypertonic | solutions with higher salt concentration than in cells
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| DNA | double ostrand of nucleotides
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| double helix | shaped like a spiral ladder
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| genetic code | sequences of bases in our DNA
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| genome | DNA of our 46 chromosomes
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| gene | code for one protein
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| triplet or codon | code for single amino acid consisting of 3 bases in the DNA
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