kinesiology/biomechanics
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| wrist adduction (ulnar flexion) | movement of pinkie side of hand toward medial aspect or ulnar side of forearm; also, movement of fingers toward middle finger | -flexor carpi ulnaris -extensor carpi ulnaris
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| wrist extension | movement of back of hand and or phalanges toward posterior or dorsal aspect of forearm | -extensor carpi radialis longus -extensor carpi radialis brevis -extensor carpi ulnaris -extensor digitorum -extensor indicis -extensor digiti minimi -extensor pollicis longus -extensor pollicis brevis -abductor pollicis longus
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| wrist flexion | movement of palm of hand and or phalanges toward anterior or volar aspect of forearm | -flexor carpi radialis -flexor carpi ulnaris -palmaris longus -flexor digitorum superficialis -flexor digitorum profundus -flexor pollicis longus
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| glenohumeral abduction | upward lateral movement of humerus out to the side, away from the body | -deltoid -upper pectoralis major -supraspinatus
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| glenohumeral flexion | movement of humerus straight anteriorly | -anterior deltoid -upper pectoralis major
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| glenohumeral horizontal adduction | movement of humerus in a horizontal or transverse plane toward and across chest; transverse flexion | -anterior deltoid -pectoralis major -coracobrachialis
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| glenohumeral diagonal adduction | movement of humerus in a diagonal plane toward midline of body | -anterior deltoid -coracobrachialis -pectoralis major -biceps brachii (short head)
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| glenohumeral diagonal abduction | movement of humerus in a diagonal plane away from the midline of body | -posterior deltoid -infraspinatus -teres minor -triceps brachii (long head)
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| glenohumeral horizontal abduction | movement of humerus in a horizontal or transverse plane away from chest; transverse extension | -posterior deltoid -middle deltoid -infraspinatus -teres minor
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| glenohumeral external rotation | movement of humerus laterally around its long axis away from midline | -infraspinatus -teres minor
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| glenohumeral adduction | downward movement of humerus medially toward body from abduction | -latissimus dorsi -teres major -lower pectoralis major
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| glenohumeral extension | movement of humerus straight posteriorly | -latissimus dorsi -teres major -lower pectoralis major
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| glenohumeral internal rotation | movement of humerus medially around its long axis toward midline | -latissimus dorsi -teres major -pectoralis major -subscapularis
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| elbow flexion | movement of forearm to shoulder by bending elbow to decrease its angle | -biceps brachii -brachialis -brachioradialis -pronator teres
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| elbow extension | movement of forearm away from shoulder by straightening elbow to increase its angle | -triceps brachii -anconeus
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| forearm supination | external rotary movement of radius on ulna that results in hand moving from palm down to PALM UP position | -biceps brachii -supinator -brachioradialis
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| forearm pronation | internal rotary movement of radius on ulna that results in hand moving from palm up to PALM DOWN position | -pronator teres -pronator quadratus -brachioradialis
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| scapular adduction (retraction/medial tilt) | movement of the scapula medially (toward the spinal column); ie pinching the shoulder blades together | -rhomboids -trapezius
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| scapular abduction (protraction/lateral tilt) | movement of the scapula laterally (away from the spinal column); ie reaching for an object in front of the body | -serratus anterior -pectoralis minor
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| scapular downward rotation | inferior angle of scapula moves medially and inferiorly toward the spinal column, the glenoid fossa returns to its normal position; ie bringing the arm down to the side | -rhomboids -pectoralis minor
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| scapular upward rotation | inferior angle of the scapula moves superiorly and laterally away from the spinal column, the glenoid fossa turns upward; ie raising the arm out to the side | -trapezius (middle and lower) -serratus anterior
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| scapular depression | downward or inferior movement of the scapula; ie returning to a normal position after a shoulder shrug | -trapezius (lower) -pectoralis minor
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| scapular elevation | upward or superior movement of the scapula; ie shrugging the shoulders | -rhomboids -trapezius (upper) -levator scapulae
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| hip flexion | movement of femur straight anteriorly toward pelvis | -iliopsoas -pectineus -rectus femoris -sartorius -tensor fascia latae
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| hip extension | movement of femur straight posteriorly away from pelvis | -gluteus maximus -hamstrings -external rotators
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| hip abduction | movement of femur laterally to side away from midline | -gluteus maximus -gluteus medius -gluteus minimus -external rotators -tensor fascia latae
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| hip adduction | movement of femur medially toward midline | -adductor brevis -adductor longus -adductor magnus -gracilis
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| hip internal (medial) rotation | rotary movement of femur medially around its longitudinal axis toward midline | -gluteus minimus -gluteus medius -tensor fascia latae
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| hip external (lateral) rotation | rotary movement of femur laterally around its longitudinal axis away from midline | -gluteus maximus -6 deep external rotators
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| knee extension | straightening or increasing the angle between the femur and the lower leg; tibia externally rotates to align condyles | QUADs
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| knee flexion | bending or decreasing the angle between the femur and the lower leg | HAMSTRINGS -popliteus -sartorius
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| knee external rotation | rotary movement of lower leg laterally away from midline, if flexed 20-30 degrees | biceps femoris
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| knee internal rotation | rotary movement of lower leg medially toward midline, if flexed 20-30 degrees | -semimembranosus -semitendinosus -popliteus
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| ankle dorsiflexion | movement of top of ankle and foot toward anterior tibia | -tibialis anterior -peroneus (fibularis) tertius -extensor digitorum longus -extensor hallucis longus
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| ankle plantar flexion | movement of ankle and foot away from tibia | -gastrocnemius -flexor digitorum longus -flexor hallucis longus -peroneus (fibularis) longus -peroneus (fibularis) brevis -plantaris -soleus -tibialis posterior
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| eversion (ankle abduction) | turning ankle and foot outward, putting weight on medial edge of foot | -peroneus (fibularis) longus -peroneus (fibularis) brevis -peroneus (fibularis) tertius -extensor digitorum longus
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| inversion (ankle adduction) | turning ankle and foot inward, putting weight on lateral edge of foot | -tibialis anterior -tibialis posterior -flexor digitorum longus -flexor hallucis longus
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| toe flexion | movement of toes toward plantar surface of foot | -flexor digitorum longus -flexor hallucis longus
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| toe extension | movement of toes away from plantar surface of foot | -extensor hallucis longus -extensor digitorum longus
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| wrist abduction (radial flexion) | movement of thumb side of hand toward lateral aspect or radial side of forearm; also, movement of fingers away from middle finger | -flexor carpi radialis -flexor pollicis longus -extensor carpi radialis longus -extensor carpi radialis brevis -abductor pollicis longus -extensor pollicis longus -extensor pollicis brevis
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