NeuroEndocrine Systems
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| How are neuroendocrine cells readily identified | by their characteristic positivity with silver stains and their immunoreactivity with antibodies directed against neuroendocrine products
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| Most neuroendocrine cells are derived from? | neural crest
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| where do gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine cells come from? | endoderm
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| Are steroid producing cells of the ovary, testis, thyroid, and adrenal cortex neuroendocrine cells? | no
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| what is primary hyperparathyroidism | excess PTH produced by parathyroid in absence of extraparathyroid stimulus
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| what is secondary hyperparathyroidism | hypocalcemic stimulation of PTH secretion and cell proliferation
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| what is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism | chronic renal failure
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| what is tertiary hyperparathyroidism | autonomous primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism
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| what causes 80% of primary hyperparathyroidism | adenoma (usually a single gland)
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| How can you differentiate hyperplasia vs. adenoma with primary hyperparathyroidism | hyperplasia is usually all 4 glands and adenoma is often 1 gland
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| Someone with high calcium (>15), a neck mass and bone disease may have? | parathyroid carcinoma
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| what is the most likely cause of death in people with parathyroid carcinoma | hypercalcemia
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| The adrenal cortex is derived from? | mesoderm
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| what is Addison's disease | primary chronic adrenal insufficiency usually autoimmune
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| what is a "crisis" in chronic Addison's disease | primary acute adrenal insufficiency
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| Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome is primary adrenal insufficiency due to ? | meningococcemia
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| what is Conn's syndrome | hyperaldosteronism
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| what is Cushing's syndrome | hypercortisolism
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| what does an adrenal adenoma secrete | may secrete aldosterone, cortisol, or sex steroids (many are nonfunctioning)
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| what does an adrenal adenoma look like | most are solitary small and bright yellow
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| How do you distinguish an adrenal adenoma from a carcinoma | carcinomas are large, pleomorphic, have a high mitotic rate, atypical mitosis, venous invasion, necrosis, and capsular invasion
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| what is an adrenal mass in the medulla that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine resulting in hypertension | pheochromocytoma
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| this tumor is one of the most common tumors in infancy and childhood and is the most common congenital tumor | Neuroblastoma
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| what will you find in the urine with neuroblastoma | increased urinary homovanillic acid, vanillylmandelic acid, dopamine, or metanephrine
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| what is a benign tumor consisting of a mixture of mature adipose tissue and hematopoietic cells often found as an incidental finding at autopsy | myelolipoma
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| what are chemodectomas | paragangliomas of the carotid and aorticopulmonary paragangliomas
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| paragangliomas form distinctive cell nests called ? that are arranged around capillary channels | zellballen
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| How are islet cell tumors of the pancreas classified | according to the hormones that they produce
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| what is a beta cell pancreatic tumor called | insulinoma
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| what is the most common type of islet cell tumor | insulinoma
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| what is another name for a gastrinoma | Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
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| What would you expect to see in a patient with Zollinger Ellison Syndrome | multiple peptic ulcers, high gastric acid secretion, high plasma gastrin levels
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| what percent of Zollinger Ellison Syndrome are malignant | 65%
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| What is the gene that predisposes to MEN-1 | menin tumor supressor
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| what is the gene that predisposes to MEN II | RET proto-oncogene
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| you have a neoplasm of mucocutaneous neuromas, pheochromocytomas, and medullary cancer of the thyroid. Which MEN is it | MEN IIb
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| you have neoplasms or hyperplasias of the parathyroid gland, adrenal cortex, pituitary and pancreas plus peptic ulcers and gastric hypersecretion which MEN syndrome to you have | MEN I
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| Which MEN syndrome has multiple pheochromocytomas, medullary carcinomas of the thyroid, and parathyroid hyperplasia or adenoma | MEN IIa
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