Neoplasia IV pg 13-20 Templeton
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| Retinoblastoma is a tumor of? | ocular neurons
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| when do ocular neurons stop replicating | soon after the post natal period so retinoblastomas must arise during the time that the ocular neurons are still replicating
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| When cancer arises in hormonally-responsive tissues do they retain their hormone responsiveness | yes they often retain their hormone responsiveness (this is why anti-hormone therapy can be used to treat hormonally responsive tumors)
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| how are patients with metastatic prostate cancer treated | androgen deprivation therapy (orchiectomy and hormone antagonists)
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| Some cancers show increased secretion of proteinases such as Cathepsin and matrix metalloproteinases. What benefit do these proteinases provide | allow cancer to spread locally and facilitate invation into and out of vascular structures during metastasis
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| how do cancers acquire the oxygen and nutrients that they need? | they grow into existing vessels or create new ones with angiogenesis
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| what are some examples of angiogeneic cytokines | VEGF, bFGF, and PD-ECGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor, Basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor)
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| what are telomeres | found at the end of chromosomes made up of thousands of TTAGGG repeats that become shorter with each cell replication
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| what happens when telomeres become "too short" | they are blocked from entering replication or undergo apoptosis
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| what does telomerase do? | can elongate telomeres in "non-template directed" manner (normally expressed in germ cells and some stem cells)
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| Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are found? | in carbon fuel combustion and tobacco use
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| where are aflatoxins found | in foods contaminated with aspergillus
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| what effect does high energy radiation have on DNA? | causes double strand DNA breaks
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| High energy radiation increases the risk of all cancers but especially which ones? | lymphoma/leukemia, sarcomas, and thyroid neoplasms
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| what is required for "fixation" of mutagenic effects? | Replication
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| Do lymphomas/sarcomas or carcinomas tend to be aneuploid with complex, non-uniform genomic changes | Carcinomas
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| Do Lymphomas/Sarcomas or carcinomas tend to have specific translocations | Lymphomas and sarcomas
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