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world geography

        Help!  

Question
Answer
5 themes-types   location, place, movement, HEI, region  
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location   where is it?  
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absolute location   the precise spot of a geographic feature  
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5 themes-define   ways geographers organize info about the earth  
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relative location   the position of a place in relation to another place on the earth  
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absolute example   23N 80W  
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relative example   houston is on the gulf coast  
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place   the physical and human characteristics of an area that are used to describe it and distinguish it from another area--What is it like?  
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types of place   physical and human  
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types of location   relative and absolute  
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physical   climate, vegetation, landforms  
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human   population, regions, customs, langueges, government  
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movement   how do peoples goods and ideas move from one place to another  
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movement types   linear, time, psychological  
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linear   how far a person, good or idea moves  
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time   amount of time a person, idea, or good travels  
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psychological   the way people percieve distance. age and familiarity are the primary factors  
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HEI   how do people relate to the physical world?--how people adapt and change their environment and how people deal with the consequences of those changes  
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HEI ex's   irrigation, pollution, tech. advances  
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region   how are places similar or different?--a group of places that share common characteristics  
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region types   formal, functional, perceptual  
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formal   places with similar attributes ex: climate region, chinatown  
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functional   places connected by movements-ex: houston and saudi arabia by oil  
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perceptual   an area in which people percieve the characteristics of the region the same way ex: the "bad" area of town  
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4 largest plates   Pacific, African, North American, Eurasion  
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A   art  
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B   buildings  
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C   communication  
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D   dress  
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E   economy  
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F   family  
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G   government  
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H   history  
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I   icon  
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J   jobs  
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K   k----nowledge  
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L   language  
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M   movement  
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N   national pride  
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O   organizations  
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P   population  
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Q   quality of life  
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R   religion  
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S   status  
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T   taboos  
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U   urban or rural  
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V   vacation and recreation  
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W   ways of everyday life  
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X   x marks the spot  
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Y   yum  
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Z   zzzzzzzzzzztuff  
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accultration   the process by which a person from oen culture adopts traits of another culture  
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acid rain   type of chemical weathering-formed when sulfer and nitrogen oxides mix with water-caused by air pollution-kills forests and damages trees  
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biomes   regional ecosyste; an ecosystem is reffered to as a biome; further divided into forest, grassland, desert, and tundra  
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birth rate   the number of live births per total popultaion, often expressed per thousand population  
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carrying capacity   the number of organisms a piece of land can support without negative effects; more with more fertile soil  
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Central Business District   the core of a city which is almost always based on commercial activity; expensive land with offices and stores  
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Climate zones   tropical, temperate, polar  
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tropical   wet, wet and dry  
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temperate   arid, semiarid, meditteranean, humid tropical, marine west coast, humid continental, subarctic  
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polar   tundra, ice cap  
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highland   in all three( tropical, temperate, polar)  
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tropical lat   0-23.5  
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temperate lat   23.5-66.5  
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polar lat   66.5-90  
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communism   a system in which the government holds nearly all political power and the means of production: China  
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convection   the transfer of heat in the atmoshpere by upward motion of the air: wind and ocean currents  
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cultivation   having culture afected on or having to do with climate zones  
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death rate   the number of deaths per thousand people; a societey is healthy if the death rate is low  
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country/state   a political term describing an independant unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control of its internal and external affairs  
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democracy   a type of government in which citizens hold political power either directly or through elected representatives: US  
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dictatorship   an individual or group holds complete political power: North Korea  
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diffusion   the spread of ideas, inventions or patters of behavior to different societies  
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economic activity   primary, secondar, tertiary, quaternary  
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primary   involve gathering raw materials sch as timber for immediat use or to use in making of a final product  
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secondary   adding value to materials by changing their forms: maufacturing automobiles  
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tertiary   providing business or professional services: salespeople, doctor, teacher, craphole  
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quaternary   provide info, management, and research services by highly trained persons  
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equinox   each of the two days in a year on which day and night are equal in length; marks beginning of spring and autumn  
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solstice   either of two times a year when the sun's rays shine directly overhead at noon at the furthest points nor or south and that mark the beginning of summer and winter; summer longest day and winter shortest in northern hemisphere  
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erosion   the result of weathering on matter, created by the action of wind, water, ice or gravity  
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fertility rate   the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate of her country  
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geography   the study of the distribution and interaction of physical and human features on the earth  
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glacier   fat piece of ice that rolls off becasue of gravity, form of erosion  
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global grid lines   the imaginary lines of longitude and lattitude that cross the earth  
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1 degree=   60' (minutes)  
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1'=   60" (seconds)  
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degree, minute, second ex   23 40' 19"  
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GNP   gross national product; the total value of all goods and services produce by a country in a period of time  
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GDP   gross domestic product; the value of all goods and services produced within a country in a period of time  
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greenhouse effect   the layer of gases released by the burning of coal and petroleum that traps solar energy, causing global temperature to increase  
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hemispheres   each half of the globe  
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hurricane   storms that form over warm, tropical ocean waters  
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infant mortality   the number of deaths among infants under age one as measured per thousand live births  
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infrastructure   the basic support systems needed to keep an economy going, including power, communication, trasportation, water, sanitation, and education systems  
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LACEMOPS   factors for climate  
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LLLLLacemops   lattitude-warm near equator cool farther away  
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lAAAAcemops   air currents-help distribute heat (wind)  
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laCCCCCemops   continentiality-location of a place on land  
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lacEEEEEmops   elevation-higher more cold and dry  
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laceMMMMops   mountain barriers-location on or near mountain  
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lacemOOOOps   ocean currents-similar to wind, distribut heat  
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lacemoPPPs   precipitation-type, form amount  
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lacemopSSSSS   storms-hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards  
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lattitude   parrallel to equator  
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longitude   parallel to meridian  
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map projections   a way of mapping the earth's surface taht reduces distortion caused by converting three dimensions into two  
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map   two dimensional graphic representation of selected parts of the earth  
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globe   three dimensional representation of the earth (most accurate)  
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monarchy   type of government in which a ruling family, headed by a king or queen, holds political pwer and may or may not share the power with citizen bodies: UK  
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mortality rate   death rate  
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nation/state   the name of a territory whan a nation and a tate occupy the same territory  
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nation   a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity  
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state   a political term describing an independant unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control of its internal and external affairs  
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ocean area   71% of earth  
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orographic precip   mountain areas, storms drop more rain on the windward side of a mountain and create a rain shadow on the leeward side  
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frontal precip   mid lattitude; frontal storms have cold dense air masses that push lighter warmer air masses upward causing precipitation to form  
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convectional precip   hot climates occurs after morning sunshine heats warm moist air; clouds form in the afternoon and rain falls  
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other names for hurricanes   typhoons(Asia), tropical cyclones, willy willies(Austrailia), baguios(phillipines), chubascos(mexico)  
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permafrost   permanently frozen ground, no trees  
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plate boundaries   divergent, convergent, transform  
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divergent   move apart horizontally  
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convergent   collide, causeing one plate to go under the other or plates to crumble  
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transform   slide past eachother  
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plate tectonics   enormous moving pieces of the earth's lithosphere  
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tundra   cold all year, long cold winters and short cool summers, low precip, few shrubs  
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ice cap   freezing snow and ice year round, no vegies, less than 10 inch precip  
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triangle pop pyramid   high growth rate  
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square pop pyramid   slow growth rate  
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pop can shrink cuz...   low birth rate, stable death rate, increased emigration  
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pop pyramids   a graphic device that shows sex and age distribution of a population  
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push factor   causes people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region  
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pull factor   draws people to another location  
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rain forest   forest region located in the tropical zone with a heavy concentration of differnt species of broadleaf trees  
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rate of natural increase   also population growth rate-the rate at which pop is growing; found by subtracting the mortality rate from the birthrate  
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richter scale   uses info collected by seismographs to determine the relative strength of an earthquake  
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ring of fire   the chain of volcanoes that lines the pacific rim(plate tectonic stuff)  
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seismography   measuring the size of the waves created by an earthquake  
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socialism   government owns some or parts of businesses for the benefit of the people and individuals maintain basic right as consumers  
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arid   dry-hot or cold; most desert less than 10 inch of precip; 30 lat  
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semiarid   borders arid; grassland few trees; 10-20 inches precip; semi dry ; wide temp  
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mediterranean   west coast and near M. sea; dry warm summers and cold wet winters; shrubs  
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humid suptropical   hot humid sumers and mild humind winters; regular precip  
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marine west coast   strong ocean influence, cloudy mild summers and cool rainy winters  
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humid continental   4 distinct seasons; equal precip; mixed forest  
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subarctic   temp extremes; long cold winters and short warm summers, low precip, n. evergreen forest  
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TODALSIGS   title, oreintation, date, author, legend, scale, index, grid, source  
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tools of geographers   Geostationary operational environment satellite(geos), landsat; space shuttle/station photography; geographic info system(gis); global positioning system(gps)  
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tornado   a powerful funel shaped column of air that forms over land  
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traditional econ.   goods and services are traded without exchanging money also called barter  
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command econ.   production of goods and services is determined by a central government, which usually owns the means of production. production doesn't necessarily reflect consumer demand, also planned econ.  
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market econ.   production of goods and services is dertermined by the demand from consumers also demand econ. or capitalism  
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tropical wet   equator, warm and rainy year, rain forest, 60+ precip  
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tropical wet and dry   borders wet, warm year, distinct wet and dry, 20+ rain, tropical grassland  
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highland   all regions, mountains, temp varries with elevation, forest to tundra to icecap; temp decreases 3.5 every 1000 feet  
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types of geography???   5 themes, maps, tools...  
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climate   the typical weather conditions at a particular location as observed over time  
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weather   the condition of the atmosphere at a particular location and time  
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chemical weathering   a process that changes rock into a new substance through interactions among elements in the air or water and the minerals in the rock  
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mechanical weathering   natural process that break rock into smaller pieces  
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beringia   a land bridge thought to have connected what are now siberia and alaska  
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biological weapon   a bacterium or virusthat can be used to harm or kill people animals or plants  
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Canada's government   parliamentary government- a system where legislative and executive functions are combined in a legislature called pariament  
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climate of canada   mostly subarctic and tundra, milder near border, heaviest vegetation near US border  
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US climate   has every climate zone except icecap and every vegetation zone except icecap  
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Columbian exchange   the movement of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemishpheres during the age of exploration  
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cultural unification of US and chanada   share longest undefended borer in the world, common heritage(NA) spread to west, 2 of the wealthiest-resouces, workers, democracy, both have urband and environment problems, share major landforms  
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Dominion of Canada   the loose confederation of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, created by the British North America Act in 1867  
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Election of Canada's prime minister   the leader of the majority party of parliament is prime minister  
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energy imports/exports   major shipping and fishing industries, leading food exporters substantial deposits of coal, natural gas, oil, and timber  
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exports of US   lumber, leading food exporter  
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first European in New World   spanish  
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French Canadians   metis, distinct culture, roman catholic, quebec  
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french vs. british in canada   roman catholic vs. protestant, language, claim over country  
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immigrants to US and canada   mainly from western and eastern europe  
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immigration   movement of people from place to place  
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major landforms in US and Canda   great plains, rocky moutains, appalachian mts., pacific mts, canadian shield  
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metis   a person of mixed french-canadian and native american ancestry  
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milticulturism   when a cultrue remains even though exposed to other cultures withing a state or nation  
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natural recources of US   fishing, fertile soil, food, forestes, minerals, fossil fuels  
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Nunavut   one of canada's territories and home to many of canada's inuit; it was carved out of the eastern half of the northwest territories in 1999  
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obstacles of early settlers   rugged terrain, harsh climates, conflicts with other settlers, diseas  
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office of homeland security   established in US after 9/11 to coordinate antiterrorist efforts  
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pop of canada   most 200 miles from the US border due to climate  
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regions of canada   atlantic, pacific, prarie, core  
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atlantic provinces   provinces of eastern canada - prince edward island, new brunswick, nova scotia, and newfoundland; logging and fishing  
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core provinces   quebec and ontario; political and economic center  
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prairie provinces   manitoba, saskatchewan, albera; agricultural center and many cultures  
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pacific province and territores   british columbia and the territories of Yukon, northwest, and nunavut; good shipping  
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regions of US   west, midwest, south, northeast  
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midwest   12 north central states; breadbasket; agriculture and industry  
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south   1/4 of US; most confederacy from civil war; sunbelt; industry  
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west   13 states; 1/5 of pop; good farms and harbors  
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northeast   9 states including New england states; fishing , farming, industry; rust belt  
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resource needs of US   energy: fossil fuels and oil  
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river flow in N America   continental divide-line of the highest points in the rockies that marks the separation between rivers flowing eas and rivers flowing west  
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Appalachian mts   west coast; over 400 million years old so the peaks have been eroded  
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Rocky mts   young 80 million years; jagged higher peaks with less erosion  
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St. Lawrence seaway   North america's most important deepwater ship route; connecting the Great Lakes to the Aftlantic Ocean by way of the st. lawrence river using locks  
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sustainable communities   a community where residents can live and work in harmony with the environment  
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terrorism   the use of or threatened use of force or violence against individuals or property for the purpose of intimidating or causing frear for political or social ends  
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Trans canada highway   east to west; connecting major cities  
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US interstate system   network; crisscross; northsouth and eastwest  
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urban sprawl   poorly planned development that spreads a city's population over a wider and wider geographic area  
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US civil war   sectionalism-1861-1865, result of south agricultural dpendancy on slaves and industrialized north  
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Amazong rainforest   unique ecosystem the biggest rain forest  
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caudillo   military dictator or political boss  
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Central America   commercial farming, coffe and beans, panama canal, most farm isthmus between Sand N America; cultural hearth and crossroads huge mayan influence  
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caribbean   european, african, and Native influences, most christian with aspects like santeria and voodoo; rastafarianism in jamaica; major tourism  
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debt-for-nature swap   a debt reducing deal where in an organization agrees to pay off a certain amount of government debt in return for government protection of a certain portion of rain forest  
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deforestation   the cutting down and clearing away of trees and forests major in Brazil  
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economic challenges in mexico   unequal distribution of wealth, many skilled workers leaving mexico, poor infrastructure and lack clean water  
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central america econ.   farm coffee and beans  
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caribbean econ.   farm sugar cane, coffeee, citrus, bananas, and spices; tourism  
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farming in Latin America   Brazil coffee major farming  
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global warming   the build up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, preventing heat from escaping into space and causing rising temperatures and shifting weather patterns  
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greater antilles   4 big islands in the carribean: cuba, jamaica, puerto rico and hispaniola  
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Inca   a member of the Quechan peoples of south america who built a civilization in the Andes mountains in the 15th and 16th centuries  
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Aztec   used to reside in present day Mexico; had capital of tenochtitlan and was conquered by cortes in 1521  
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Maya   used to reside in present day Mexico but also trongly influenced central american and the caribbean  
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income gap   the difference between the quality of life by the rich and the poo; issue in Samerica  
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junta   a government run by generals after a military takeover  
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land reform   the process of breaking up large landholdings to attain a more balanced land distribution among farmers  
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llanos   a large, grassy, treeless area in south america; used for grazing and area; upper west Samerica  
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maquiladoras   a factory in Mexico that assembles imported materials into finished goods for export  
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modern mexico   3/4 live in cities; belongs to NAFTA; has maquiladoras; tourism major industry; unequal distirbution of wealth, migration to US, US drug route, poor infrastructure and lack of clean water  
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NAFTA   north american free trade agreement- an important trade agreement creating a huge zone of cooperation on trade and economics in Namerica  
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oligarchy   a governmnet run by a few persons or a small group  
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pampas   a vast area of grassland and rich soil in south central Samerica  
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panama canal   a ship canal cut through panama connecting the caribbean sea with the pacific ocean  
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patagonia   southern zone of argentina that contains a desert  
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portugese vs. spain in Latinamerica   culture; languege; settle SA; treaty of tordesillas  
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rain forest destruction   imber need, land for crops and livestock, room for houses, contributes to global warming, danger to wildlife  
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resources in Latin America   Aluminum, coal, copper, gold, hydroelectric power, iron ore, lead, natural gas, petroleum, silver, timber, tin, zinc  
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orinico river   northern part of SA; venezuela  
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Amazon river   west to east; into Atlantic ocean  
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slash and burn   a way of clearing feilds for planting by cutting trees, brush, and grasses and burning them  
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terrace farming   an ancient technique for growing crops on hillsides or mountin slopes; usting step like horizontal feilds cut into slopes  
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tourism in latin america   major part of economy; provides jobs and can help reduce income gap but congestion and pollution increase and puts strain on local communities; debt on countries for tourist accomodations  
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treaty of tordesillas   a treaty between spain and portugal in 1494 taht gave portugal control over the land that is present day brazil  
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united provinces of CA   the name of central america after the region declared independance form mexico in 1823 but split into seperate countries by 1830's  
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glacial activity in scandanavia   left soil that's hard to farm; created fjords  
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agricultural products of mediteranean   olives, grapes, citrus, and wheat are major crops  
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Austria vs. Hungary   union state but split up; hungary was part of communism but austria wasnt  
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balkanization   the process of breaking up a region into small, mutually hostile units  
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Benelux countries   the economic union of belgium, the netherlands, and luxembourg  
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british empire   owned all of ireland but gave part of it independance; parliamentary monarchy; at one point controlled lots of land around the world  
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bubonic plague   1347 reached italy from asia during the renassaince and killed millions  
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city-states   an autonomous political unti made up of a city and it's surrounding lands  
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climate in eastern europe   humid contintntal with cold snowy winters and warm or hot summers; adequate rainfall  
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communism in Eastern Europe   1989 hungary, poland, czechoslovakia and romania ended communism; 1990 bulgaria and yugoslavia  
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crusades   a series of wars lauched by european christians in 1096 to capture the holy land (palestine) form the muslims  
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cultural crossroads   a place where various cultures cross paths-eastern europe  
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deforestation in scandinavia   exprots timber; permafrost; forests that do grow are coniferous most land is cleared  
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effect of british empire   built global empire by 1800's had colonies in the america's, asia, africa, and oceania but british languege and culture spread world wide  
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EU pros and cons   promotes trade with other nations by having financial aid; having all of the nations using euro both good and bad  
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european environmental agency   an agency that provides the european union with reliable info about the environment  
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first democracy   the city-state of Athens in greece  
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fjord   a long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between steep slopes  
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Holocaust   the Nazi program of mass murder of European jews in world war 2  
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land of the midnight sun   far north scandanavia north of the arctic circle  
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massif central   the upland of france, shich accounts for about 1/6 of french lands  
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mistral   cold dry wind from the north  
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sirocco   a hot steady wind that blows from Nafrica across the M sea into Seurope; mostly in spring  
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northern europes' econ.   manufacturing: paper, food products and pharmecueticals; timeber, fishing, oil  
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oil in europe   lost in north sea; new technology made off shore rigs possible; major producer of petroleum for world  
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peat   partially decaying plant matter found in bogs  
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peninsula of peninsulas   europe is a large peninsula coming form asia with many smaller peninsulas coming off of it  
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polders   land that is reclaimed fro mthe sea or other body of water by diking and drainage: netherlands  
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pollution and sollution in europe   industy, sewage, chemical fertilizers, and oil spills pollute water; fossil fuel use, fires, chemical use, and industry pollute air-new laws and european environmental agency  
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reformation   a movement in western europe beginning in 1517 when many christians broke away fro mteh catholic church and started protestant churches; this lead to mutual hostility and religious wars that tore europe apart  
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religious distribution in europe   judaism-0.2%; islam 2.2%; eastern orthodox-8.8%; protestant-18.8%; other-15%; roman catholic-55%  
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renaissance   a time of renewed intrest in learning and the arts that lasted from the 14th through 16th centuries; it began in the italian city states and spread north to all of europe  
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WW I   competition for colonies; allies vs. central powers; allies wond and imposed harsh terms on germany which helped cause WW II  
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WW II   Germany led by hitler tried to conquer Europ; also Holocaust; Allies defeated germany in 1945  
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social tudies make up days   monday 3:05 thursdays 6:45  
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