AP Biology - Chapter 13 - Gene Regulation
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| With few exceptions, cells contain | the same genetic information.
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| Cells differ because | gene expression is regulated.
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| Only certain subsets of the total genetic information are | expressed in any given cell.
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| Gene expression results from | a series of processes.
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| Bacteria are not | multicellular.
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| Regulation of gene expression in bacteria is | essential for their survival.
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| Operons in bacteria facilitate the coordinated control of | functionally related genes.
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| Jacob and Monod isolated genetic mutants to | study the lac operon.
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| An inducible gene is not transcribed unless a | specific inducer inactivates its repressor.
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| A repressible gene is transcribed unless a | specific repressor-corepressor complex is bound to the DNA.
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| Eukaryotic promoters vary in effieciency, depending on | their upstream promoter elements.
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| Enhancers are DNA sequences that | increase the transcription rate.
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| What are transcription factors? | Regulatory proteins with several functional domains.
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| Chromosome organization may effect the | expression of some genes.
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| The mRNAs of eukaryotes have | many types of posttranscriptional control.
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| Some pre-mRNAs are processed in | more than one way.
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| The stability of mRNA molecules | varies.
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| Posttranscriptional chemical modifications may | alter the activity of eukaryotic proteins.
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| What is the difference between heterochromatic and euchromatin? Which is transcribed? | Heterochromatic is highly compact, not transcribed and found in regions of the genes and euchromatin is loosely packed in loops of 30nm fibers and transcribed "active" genes.
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| Which regions of the chromosome will typically be in the form of hererochromatin? | Centromeres, telomeres, and other "junk" DNA.
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| How do the coding regions and genome sizes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes compare? | Eukaryotes - much greater size of genome. Prokaryotes - small size of genome.
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| Much of mammalian non-coding DNA is in the form of | junk DNA.
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| What is the cause of Fragile X? | The more triplet repeats there are on the X chromosome, the more severely affected the individual will be.
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| What is the cause of Huntington's disease? | Mutation at chromosome 4
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| Discuss an example of interspersed repetitive DNA? | A transposon DNA sequence that "reproduces" by copying itself and inserting into new chromosome location.
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| What is a multigene family? | Evolved from duplication of common ancestral globin gene.
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| Multigene families are hypothesized to have evovled from... | duplication of ancestral globin gene.
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| How is the globulin multigene family an adaptive to mammals? | It is expressed at different times.
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| Explain how gene amplification can regulate gene expression. | Insertion of transposon sequence in new position in genome.
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| How can transposons alter gene expression? | When they land within coding sequences of a gene.
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| How do immunoglobulin genes code for a seemingly infinite variety of antibodies? | Makes duplicates of themselves.
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| DNA methylation | Turns genes off
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| Histone acetylation | Activates genes = on
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| Transcription factors | Controls what proteins bind to
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| Control elements | Controls elements of cell
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| Enhancers | Controls promote sequence
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| Activators | Activates proteins
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| DNA-binding domain | Center of DNA strand
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| How does alternative RNA splicing affect gene expression? | Cuts it in half.
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| How does RNA degradation affect gene expression? | Doubles it.
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| How does protein processing and degradation affect gene expression? | The either cut it in half or they double it.
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| Typically, what happens to cell function when cell become cancerous? | It spreads and the cell keeps multiplying.
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| What is a proto-oncogene? What happens to them when cancer occurs? | Normal cellular genes code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division.
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| List the 3 events that can turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. | 1. Failure of regulation 2. Growth inhibition 3.
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| Identify and describe mutations in specific proteins that can lead to cancer. | At least 1 active oncogene and mutation or loss of serval tumor-suppressor genes and telomeres is often activated.
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| What is p53? | The anti-cancer gene.
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| Why is it said cancer formation is a multi-step process? | Because it goes through different stages.
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