Photosynthesis for HS Freshman Honors Biology
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| autotroph | organism that uses energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds
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| photosynthesis | process used by autotrophs to convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, primarily carbohydrates
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| heterotrophs | animals and other organisms that must get energy from food instead of directly from sunlight or inorganic substances
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| photosynthesis equation | 6CO2 + 6H2) --> (light energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2
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| light reactions | require light to happen
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| chloroplasts | organelles found in the cells of plants and algae
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| thylakoids | a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis.
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| grana | connected and layered stacks of thylakoids
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| stroma | solution surrounding the grana
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| pigments | compounds that absorb light and give color to substances or mixtures
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| chlorophylls | most important pigments in the thylakoids
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| carotenoids | yellow, brown, and orange accessory pigments
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| photosystem | in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, a cluster of chlorophyll and other pigment molecules that harvest light energy for the light reactions of photosynthesis
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| primary electron acceptor | in chloroplasts, an acceptor of electrons lost from chlorophyll a; found in the thylakoid membrane
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| electron transport chain | a series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane
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| chemiosmosis | process through which ATP is synthesized by relies on a concentration gradient of protons across the thylakoid membrane
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| Calvin cycle | series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions that produces a 3-carbon sugar; process by which organic compounds are formed using CO2 and the chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH
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| carbon fixation | the incorporation of CO2 into organic compounds
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| stomata | singular stoma; small pores
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| C4 pathway | pathway enabling certain plants to fix CO2 into 4-carbon compounds
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| C4 plants | plants that use the C4 pathway
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| CAM plants | crassulacean acid metabolism plants open their stomata at night and close during day, taking in CO2 nightly to conserve water and then storing CO2
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| factors that affect photosynthesis | light intensity, CO2 levels, temperature (enzymes denature)
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