Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2
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| what are the layers of the skin? | epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
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| what is the main function of the integumentary system? | protection
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| what are the sublayers of the dermis? | papillary layer and reticular layer
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| what is found in the dermis? | nervous structures and appendages of skin
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| which layer of the skin is vascularized? | dermis
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| what is the hypodermis also called? | superficial fascia
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| what is the purpose of hypodermis tissue? | storing fat, anchor the skin to underlying structures (mostly muscle) but also loosely enough for skin to slide, shock absorber and an insulator
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| what is the purpose of sliding skin? | to protect us by ensuring that many blows just glance off our bodies.
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| define EPIDERMIS | keratinized stratified squamous epithelium consisting of four distinct cell types and four or five distinct layers.
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| what are the 4 cell types of the epidermis? | keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells, and tactile cells
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| main function of keratinocytes? | to produce keratin
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| define KERATIN | the fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties
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| epidermis has which type of cells most? | keratinocytes
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| how are keratinocytes tightly connected to one another? | by desmosomes
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| where do keratinocytes arise from? | deepest part of the epidermis, the stratum basale layer
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| keratinocytes continuously undergo what? | mitosis
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| what happens to keratinocyes? | pushed upward by the production of new cells beneath them
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| what happens to keratinocytes when they reach the surface? | they are dead, scalelike structures that are little more than keratin-filled plasma membranes
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| how often do humans have a completely new epidermis? | 25 to 45 days
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| where are cell production and keratin formation accelerated? | in body areas subjected to friction such as the hands and feet
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| define CALLUS | persistent friction causing thickening of the epidermis
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| what is the main function of melanocytes? | production of melanin
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| define MELANOCYTES | the spider-shaped epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melanin
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| where are melanocytes found? | in the deepest layer of the epidermis, stratum basale
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| what are melanosomes? | membrane-bound granules that motor proteins move along actin filaments to the ends of the melanocyte's process
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| what do melanin granules do? | accumulate on the superficial side of the keratinocyte nucleus, forming a pigment shield that protects the nucleus from damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation
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| what is the main function of dendritic cells? | ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system
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| define DENDRITIC CELLS | star-shaped cells raised from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis
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| where do dendritic cells come from? | bone marrow
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| what are dendritic cells also called? | langerhans cells
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| what does the processes of dendritic cells do? | slender processes extend among the surrounding keratinocytes, forming continuous network
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| what is the main function of tactile cells? | sensory receptor for touch
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| define TACTILE CELLS | spiky hemisphere shaped, present at the epidermal-dermal junction, associated with a disclike sensory nerve ending
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| where are tactile cells found? | epidermal-dermal junction
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| what are the layers of the epidermis? | Can Little Girls Skate Board
Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale
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| how many layers does thick and thin skin have? | thick - 5
thin - 4
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| where is thick and thin skin found? | thick - palms and soles
thin - rest of body
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| where is the thickest skin in the body? | the upper back
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| what is the deepest epidermal layer? | stratum basale
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| what does stratum basale consist of? | a single row of stem cells
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| what is stratum basale attached to? | underlying dermis along wavy borderline
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| what does stratum basale represent? | the youngest keratinocytes
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| what do stem cells do? | continually renewing cell population
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| what is stratum basale also called? | stratum germinativum
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| why is stratum basale also called stratum germinativum? | many mitotic nuclei seen in this layer reflect the rapid division of these cells
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| what happens every time a basal cell divides? | one daughter cell is pushed into the cell layer just above to begin its specialization into a mature keratinocyte. the other daughter cell remains in layer to continue process of producing new keratinocytes.
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| how many cells in the stratum basale are melanocytes? | 10-25%
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| what is the stratum spinosum known as? | prickly layer
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| how thick is stratum spinosum? | several layers thick of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes
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| what do the cells in stratum spinosum contain? | thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
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| what does stratum spinosum look like? | spiked iron balls used in medieval warfare
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| what is found in stratum spinosum? | melanin granules and dendritic cells
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| what is stratum granulosum known as? | granular layer
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| how many layers does stratum granulosum have? | 4 to 6, typically 5
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| how are the cells in stratum granulosum? | flattened
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| what happens in stratum granulosum? | keratinocyte appearance changes drastically and the process of keratinization begins
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| define KERATINIZATION | when cells fill with the protein keratin
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| what happens to the cells in stratum granulosum? | the cells flatten, nuclei and organelles begin to disintegrate and accumulate two types of granules
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| what are the two types of granules in stratum granulosum? | keratohyaline granules and lamellar granules
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| what are keratohyaline granules? | help form keratin in the upper layers
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| what are lamellar granules? | contain water-resistant glycolipid
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| what is the purpose of keratinocytes? | to toughen up to make the outer strata the strongest skin region
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| whats wrong with the epidermal cells of the stratum granulosum? | the cells are too far from the dermal capillaries so they die.
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| what is the stratum lucidum known as? | clear layer
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| where is stratum lucidum found? | only in thick skin
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| whats wrong with the epidermal cells of the stratum granulosum? | the cells are too far from the dermal capillaries so they die.
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| what are the intermediate filaments in stratum lucidum called? | tonofilaments
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| what is the stratum lucidum known as? | clear layer
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| what is stratum corneum known as? | horny layer
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| where is stratum lucidum found? | only in thick skin
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| what are the intermediate filaments in stratum lucidum called? | tonofilaments
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| what is stratum corneum known as? | horny layer
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| where is the stratum coreum? | outermost layer
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| how thick is the stratum corneum? | 20 to 30 cell layers thick
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| how much of the epidermis is made up of the stratum corneum? | three quarters
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| what protects the skin from abrasion and penetration in the stratum corneum? | keratin and thickened plasma membranes
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| what does the stratum corneum do? | provide a durable overcoat for the body, protecting from hostile environment, waterloss, biological, chemical, and physical assults
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| define APOPTOSIS | when the cell commits suicide
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| what is statum corneum familiarized as? | dandruff that sheds from scalp and dander that sheds off dry skin
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| define DERMIS | strong, flexible connective tissue
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| what kind of cells are found in the dermis? | fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and white blood cells
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| what does the semifluid matrix in the dermis do? | binds the entire body together with fibers
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| define PAPILLARY LAYER | areolar connective tissue in which fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers form a loosely woven mat that is heavily invested with small blood vessels.
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| what is the purpose of the looseness in the papillary layer? | allows phagocytes and other defensive cells to wander freely as they patrol the area for bacteria
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| what are touch receptors called? | tactile or Meissner's corpuscles
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| define DERMAL PAPILLAE | peglike projections from the surface of the papillary layer
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| define FRICTION RIDGES | skin ridges, enhance the gripping ability of fingers and feet
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| what do recent studies say about friction ridges? | contribute to our sense of touch by amplyfing vibrations
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| what are lamellar corpuscles? | sense of touch and vibration receptors
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| what are friction ridges also known as? | fingerprints
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| what is unique about friction ridges? | the patterns are genetically determined and different for everyone
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| define RETICULAR LAYER | coarse, irregularly arranged, dense fibrous connective tissue
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| what is the cutaneous plexus? | network of blood vessels that nourishes the reticular layer
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| how is the extracellular matrix of the reticular layer? | contains pockets of adipose cells and thick bundles of interlacing collagen fibers
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| how do the collagen fibers run? | parallel to the skin surface
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| define CLEAVAGE (tension) LINES | separations, or less dense regions between bundles of interlacing collagen fibers
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| why are cleavage lines important to surgeons? | when incision is made parallel to these lines, the skin gapes less and heals more readily
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| what does collagen fibers of the dermis do? | give skin strength and resiliency that prevent most jabs and scrapes from penetrating and keeps skin hydrated
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| what do elastic fibers do? | provide the stretch-recoil properties of skin
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| define FLEXURE LINES | type of skin marking, dermal folds that occur at or near joints, where the dermis is tightly texured to deeper structures
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| what happens to the dermis in regards to flexure lines? | since the skin cannot slide easily to accomodate joint movement, the dermis folds and deep skin creases form.
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| where are friction ridges found? | fingertips
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| where are cleavage lines found? | the entire body
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| where are flexure lines found? | palms, wrists, fingers, soles and toes
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| what are stretch marks called? | striae
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| define STRIAE | tear of the dermis, silvery white scars
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| define BLISTER | a fluid-filled pocket that separates the epidermal and dermal layers
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| what is a blister? | short-term but acute trauma
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