disease of the Urinary System Chapter 10 & 11
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| Acute glomerulonephritis(cell nephron) is an | inflammation of the kidneys primarily affecting children & young adults
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| Acute glomerulonephritis usually occurs | 1-4 weeks after a streptococcal infection(throat or skin)
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| signs & symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis include | chills & pyrexia/fever*anorexia/no appetite *general weakness*generalized edema/swelling in the face & ankles/pedal*Albuminuria(blood protein in urine)*hematuria(blood in urine)*Casts/molds(outer covering/skins of the nephron/kidney cell) in the urine
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| The Px/prognosis for acute glomerulonephritis is generally good if | a chronic degeneration of nephrons(kidney cells) does not occur
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| Chronic glomerulonephritis is an | inflammation of the kidneys that may persist for years with remissions(subsides) & relapses(reccurs)
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| Chronic glomerulonephritis is usually accompanied by | HTN(hypertension/high blood pressure)
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| A sign of chronic glomerulonephritis is | low specific gravity(spec.grav.) of the urine
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| The end result of chronic glomerulonephritis can be | renal atrophy(no development/kidneys shrink in size) and RF(renal failure)
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| The RF(renal failure) causes | uremia(azotemia)(a blood condition of excessive nitrogenous(N) waste)
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| Uremia(azotemia) means | a blood condition of excessive nitrogenous(N) waste
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| Renal Failure(RF) prevents the kidneys from eliminating | nitrogenous(N) wastes
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| Blood tests commonly used to detect Renal Failure(RF) include | 1.BUN(Blood Urea Nitrogen) 2.Cc(Creatinine Clearance) 3.Cys C(CYStatin C) 4.GFR(Glomerular Filtration Rate)
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| Causes of ARF(Acute Renal Failure) include | Hypovolemic shock * Blood type or Rh incompatibility * Kidney disease * Trauma * Poisoning
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| Signs & symptoms of ARF (Acute Renal Failure) include | Oliguria(scanty/deficient urine)(less than<500 cc/day) * Anuria(No urine production) * Uremia(azotemia) * Ammonia breath * Hyperkalemia(blood condition of excessive potassium) * muscle weakness that can lead to cardiac arrest
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| Tx for ARF(Acute Renal Failure) includes | 1-Remedy the cause 2-HD(HemoDialysis) until the kidneys begin to function properly
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| Another type of dialysis is called | CAPD(Continuous Ambilitory Peritoneal Dialysis)
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| Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) is usually caused by long standing kidney disease such as | 1) Chronic glomerulonephritis 2) Chronic HTN (hypertension/high blood pressure) 3) DN (Diabetes Nephropathy)
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| Tx for CRF (Chronic Renal Failure) includes | 1) HD(HemoDialysis) 2) Kidney transplantation
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| CRF(Chronic Renal Failure) can also be caused by | ATN(Acute Tubular Necrosis)
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| Causes of ATN(Acute Tubular Necrosis) include nephrotoxic agents such as | 1) Certain antibiotics (Gentamicin) 2) Dyes used in diagnostic procedures.
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| Pyelonephritis is a | suppurative(pus forming) inflammation of a renal pelvis
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| Pyelonephritis is usually caused by pyogenic (pus creation) organisms such as | 1) E.coli(Escherichia coli/found in large bowel) 2) Strep(streptococci) 3) Staph(staphylococci)
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| These microorganisms(e.coli, strep, & staph) can cause | abcesses (collection of pus) to form
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| Signs & symptoms of pyelonephritis include | 1)Chills & pyrexia(fever) 2)back & abdominal pain 3)dysuria(painful urination) 4)Pyuria(pus in urine) 5)Bacteriuria(bacteria in urine) 6)Hematuria(blood in urine)
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| Tx for pyelonephritis includes the use | antibiotics(Bactrim)
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| The Px (prognosis) for pyelonephritis is | good
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| Renal carcinoma occurs more frequently in | 50 to 60 year old men
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| The incidence of renal carcinoma doubles for | smokers
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| The Px(prognosis) for renal carcinoma is poor because | metastases(spread) to the lungs, liver, bone & brain usually occur before signs & symptoms appear
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| The chief sign of renal carcinoma is | painless hematuria(blood in the urine)
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| A WT(Wilm's Tumor) is a | malignant fast growing renal tumor in very young children
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| The chief sign of a Wilm's tumor(WT) is | painless hematuria(blood in the urine)
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| The Px(prognosis) for a WT(Wilm's Tumor) is | good if metastasis(spread) has not occurred
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| The medical terms for kidney stones are | nephrolithiasis & urinary(renal) calculi/stones (calculus-singular)
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| Urinary calculi occur more frequently in 20 to 40 year old | men(4 to 1)
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| Signs & symptoms of nephrolithiasis occur when a calculus obstructs a | ureter
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| Signs & symptoms of nephrolithiasis include | 1) Sharp severe retroperitoneal(flank) pain radiating to the inguinal(groin) region 2) Hematuria(blood in the urine)
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| Causes of nephrolithiasis include | 1) Dietary Ca(Calcium) excess (80%) 2) Dietary protein & Na(sodium/salt) excess 3) Hyperparathyroidism
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| A calculus that fills the renal pelvis completely is called a | staghorn calculus
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| Tests commonly used to detect a renal calculus include | 1.KUB(Kidneys, Ureters & Bladder x-rays) 2.Renal ultrasound 3.CT(Computerized Tomography) 4.IVP(IntraVenous Pyelogram)
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| Tx for a calculus that impedes the flow of urine is a | ESWL(Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy)
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| Hydronephrosis occurs when | a kidney becomes extremely dilated with urine
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| Causes of hydronephrosis include | 1. Renal calculus(stone) 2. Tumor 3. BPH(Benign Prostate Hypertrophy)
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| Tx for hydronephrosis involves | removal of the obstruction before permanent damage to a kidney(s) occurs
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| The leading risk factors for CKD(Chronic Kidney Disease) include | 1.DM(Diabetes mellitus) 2.Chronic HTN(HyperTension) 3.WT(WeighT) gain 4.Smoking
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| Women who drink two or more cans of regular soda per day are | twice as likely to develop CKD(Chronic Kidney Disease)
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| Cystitis is an | inflammation of the urinary bladder AKA "Bladder infection
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| Cystitis is more common in women because | the female urethra is shorter than in males
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| The chief causative agent of cystitis is | E.Coli(Escherichia Coli/found in large bowel)
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| Signs & symptoms if cystitis include | 1. Urinary frequency(frequent urge to urinate) 2. Urgency(sudden urge to void/mictation/urinate) 3.Dysuria(painful/burning micturition) 4.Bacteriuria(bacteria in urine) 5.Pyuria(pus in urine)
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| Tx for cystitis includes | 1. forcing fluids 2. antibiotics
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| The Px for cystitis is | good
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| Methods to decrease the incidence of cystitis include | Wiping front to back after a BM(Bowel Movement)*Take showers for hygiene not baths*Don't douche unless directed by a Dr.*Refrain from wearing tight fitting pants*Wear cotton panties*Urinate after sex*Increase fluid intake everyday w/cranberry juice*Vitm C
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| Urethritis is | inflammation of the urethra
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| Urethritis in males may be caused by | GC(GonoCocci)
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| Signs & symptoms of urethritis include | 1.Dysuria(painful urination 2.Balanorrhea(purulent/pus discharge from the glans penis) 3.Testicular edema(swelling)
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| Urethritis in females commonly accompanies | cystitis
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| Tx for urethritis includes | antibiotics(amoxicillin)
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| PID stands for | Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
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| PID refers to an | inflammation of the female pelvic reproductive organs
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| Common causes of PID(Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) include the STDs(Sexually Transmitted Diseases) | GC(Gonorrhea/gonococci) and chlamydia
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| Signs & symptoms of PID(Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) include | Lower abdominal pain*Pyrexia(fever)*Dysuria(painful urination)*Pungent leukorrhea(aromatic vaginal discharge)*Dyspareunia(painful copulation/sex/coitus)
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| A complication of untreated PID(Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) is | infertility (inability to reproduce)
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| Tx for PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) includes | antibiotics, ASA (aspirin), bed rest, & fluids
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| Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina commonly caused by | 1. Candida albicans(candidiasis) 2. Trichomonas(trichomoniasis/parasit)
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| Candidiasis is AKA | yeast infection
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| Candida proliferation(growth) can occur with the over use of | antibiotics or douches
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| Candida proliferation(growth) can destroy the normal vaginal flora(beneficial microbes) allowing | opportunistic yeast infections to occur
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| Signs & symptoms of vaginitis include | 1.Pungent leukorrhea(aromatic vaginal discharge) 2.Vaginal pruritus(itching) 3.Vaginal burning & soreness
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| A common Tx for candidiasis is | Monistat (miconazole)
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| A common Tx for trichomoniasis is | Flagyl(metronidazole/antibiotic)
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| The incidence of yeast infections can be reduced by drinking 2 or more glasses of | milk daily
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| Atrophic vaginitis is caused by | atrophy(no development) of the vaginal septa(wall)
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| Atrophic vaginitis is commonly caused by a decrease in | estrogen associated with menopause
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| A common complaint of atrophic vaginitis is | dyspareunia(painful coitus/sex/copulation/intercourse)
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| Tx for atrophic vaginitis includes | 1.ERT(Estrogen Replacement Therapy) AKA HRT (Hormone Replacement Theraphy) 2.Antibiotic creams 3.Steroid creams 4.Water soluble lubricants(K-Y jelly)
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| Puerperal sepsis is an infection of the endometrium(inner lining of the uterus) occuring after | parturition(childbirth) or abortion(termination of a pregnancy)
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| The most common cause of puerperal sepsis is | poor aseptic technique(didn't wash hands or not sterile equipment) during parturition(child birth) or abortion(termination of a pregnancy)
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| The poor aseptic technique allows pathogens such as | staphylococci(staph), streptococci(strep) or E. coli(Escherichia) to enter the uterine wall
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| These pathogens (Staph, Strep or E.coli) will cause | necrosis(death) of the endometrium(inner lining of the uterus)
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| A complication of puerperal sepsis is | septic shock
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| Signs & symptoms of puerperal sepsis include | 1. Pyrexia(fever) and chills 2. Profuse(large amount) and/or pungent lochia(aromatic vaginal discharge after birth)
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| Tx for puerperal sepsis is | antibiotic therapy
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| Cervical cancer refers to a | malignancy of the Cx(CerviX)
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| Cervical cancer has a good | Px if detected before metastasis(spread)
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| The most common test to detect cervical malignancy is the | PAP test(smear) every two years
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| After age 30 and after 3 consecutive negative PAP tests should be | every 3 years
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| No PAP required after a | hysterectomy(excision of the uterus)
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| Pap tests should begin within | 3 years of becoming sexually active or by age 21
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| A Cervical lesion detected before metastasis(spread) is called | CIS (Carcinoma In Situ)
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| Tx for carcinoma in situ (CIS) includes: | 1.Conization(excision of the affected section of the cervix 2.Cryosurgery(freezing affected tissue) 3.Cauterization(burning affected tissue) 4.Hysterectomy(excision of the uterus)
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| Risk factors for cervical malignancy include | 1.Poor hygiene 2.HPV(Human Papilloma Virus) 3.Multiple sexual partners 4.Intercorse at an early age 5.Smoking
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| Cervical cancer is the | 2nd most common cancer in women after breast cancer
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| Fibroid Tumors are | benign tumors of the myometrium(muscle layer of the uterus)
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| Fibroid Tumors are also called | leiomyomas
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| Fibroid tumors are more common in | African American and obese women
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| The risk of developing leiomyomas(fibroid tumors) is | 1 in 5 women under the age of 50
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| Signs & symptoms of fibroid tumors include | 1.Pelvic pain 2.Menorrhagia(excessive or prolonged menses) 3.Metrorrhagia(bleeding between menstruation) 4.Dyspareunia(painful coitus/copulation/ intercourse/sex)
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| Tx options for leiomyomas(fibroid tumors) include | 1.Myomectomy(excision of the fibroid myoma(s) 2.Myolysis(coagulation of the artery feeding the tumor) 3.Hysterectomy(excision of the uterus)
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| The most common ovarian neoplasm is an | ovarian cyst
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| An ovarian cyst is usually a | benign(non-malignant) fluid filled sac
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| An ovarian cyst will usually resolve with time but a large cyst that interferes with blood flow can be | removed surgically
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| PCOS(PolyCystic Ovary Syndrome) is characterized by | androgen(testosterone) and insulin imbalance
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| Signs & symptoms of PCOS(PolyCystic Ovary Syndrome) include | WT(weight) gain & HTN(Hypertension)**Increased facial & body hair**Alopecia(hair loss)**Irregular menses**MDD(Major Depressive Disorder)**Infertility(Inability to reproduce)
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| PCOS(PolyCystic Ovary Syndrome) can increase the risk for | cardiovascular disease and DM(Diabetes mellitus)
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| Tx for PCOS(PolyCystic Ovary Syndrome) includes | 1.Healthy diet 2.Regular exercise 3.BCPs(birth control pills) 4.Stop smoking
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| An ovarian malignancy is the | 5th leading cause of cancer death in women
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| Signs & symptoms of an ovarian malignancy include | 1.Prolonged abdominal bloating & pelvic pain 2.Chronic fatique 3.Anorexia(loss of appetite) 4.WT(weight) loss 5.Prolonged urinary frequency
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| Risk factors for an ovarian malignancy include | 1.High fat diet 2.Nulliparity(No live births) 3.Family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer 4.Childbearing after age 30 5.Delayed menopause
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| Ovarian malignangcies occur more frequently | perimenopausal(around menopause) & Postmenopausal(after menopause)
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| Tx for an ovarian malignancy includes | 1.Oophorectomy(excision of an ovary) & hysterectomy(excision of the uterus) 2.Chemotherapy(antineoplastics) 3.Radiation therapy
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| A chemical in the blood that CAN elevate with the presence of an ovarian malignancy is | CA-125
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| The risk of ovarian neoplasms decreases with the use of | BCPs(Birth Control Pills)
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| The most common breast malignancy is an | adenocarcinoma
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| Adenocarcinomas(breast malignancy) occur more often in | 1.Nulliparity(no live births) 2.Women with a family hx(history) of breast Ca(Cancer)
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| Adenocarcinomas frequently occur around the time of | menopause
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| Common signs of a breast malignancy include | 1.A hard fixed lump in the upper outer quadrant of a breast 2.Axillary lymphadenopathy(armpit swollen lymph nodes) 3.Papillary(nipple) retraction 4.The skin can pucker and/or dimple 5.Papillary(nipple) discharge
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| ASC(American Cancer Society) mammogram recommendations include | 1.Annually for 40-49 year olds if personal or family history exists 2.Ages 50-74, every 2 years
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| BSE(Breast Self Examination) should be performed | every month starting at age 20
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| A woman's lifetime risk of developing a breast malignancy is | 1 in 8 (2nd leading cause of cancer death in US women)
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| Confirmation of the suspected tumor can be made with a | stereotactic needle biopsy(Bx)
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| Malignant breast tumors can metastasize to the | lungs, liver, brain, and bone via the lymphatic system
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| Tx for a breast malignancy includes | 1.Lumpectomy(excision of a lump) 2.Mastectomy(excision of a breast) 3.Radiation therapy 4.Chemotherapy(antineoplastics)
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| Factors that increase the incidence of a breast malignancy include | ETOH(Alcohol) *Smoking *Sedentary lifestyle(little/no regular exercise) *Consuming sugary sweets 3 or more times per week 5.ERT(Estrogen replacement therapy) 6.BCPs(Birth Control Pills) 7.Nulliparity(no live births) 8.Folate(folic acid)deficiency
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| Foods rich in folate(folic acid) include | leafy green vegetables, fortified cereals, legumes, citrus, bananas,melons, & blackberries
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| Breast malignancy risk can be significantly reduced by | moderate exercise, healthy weight, and breastfeeding
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| Breast malignancies are more common in women over the age of | 45
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| The younger a person is with a breast malignancy | the more agressive the disease
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| NBC states | 1 alcoholic drink/day increases breast malignancy risk by 10% >3 or more alcoholic drinks/day increases breast malignancy risk by 30%
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| The most common benign tumor of a breastt is called a | fibroadenoma
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| Fibroadenomas are usually solid, | round, rubbery, painless & move freely
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| A second type of benign tumor of a breast a called | FCC (Fibro Cystic Changes) AKA "lumpy breasts"
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| FCC (Fibro Cystic Changes) usually occur in both breasts and increase in size & tenderness just prior to | menses(menstruation)
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| A third type of benign breast tumor is a fluid filled | cyst
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| Breast cysts are round, moveable, and may increase in size & become tender just prior to | menses(menstruation)
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| TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome) is commonly caused by | proliferation(growth) of staph(staphlococci)
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| TSS Toxic Shock Syndrome) is associated with | tampon use
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| Signs of TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome) include | Hyperthermia (pyrexia--higher then>104o) >Rash >Peeling skin >GI distress(diarrhea & vomiting) >Hypotension(low blood pressure)
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| Tx for TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome) includes | 1. Fluid replacement 2. Antibiotic therapy
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| Women who use tampons are encouraged to | change them frequently & avoid super-absorbent (every 1-2 hours)
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| PMS (PreMenstrual Syndrome) is a group of symptoms that start 1 to 2 weeks | before menstruation(menses) and usually cease(end) with the onset of menses(menstruation)
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| Signs & symptoms of PMS (PreMenstrual Syndrome) include | lower adbominal bloating& pain>breast swelling & tenderness>Cephalalgia(headache)>WT/weight GAIN>Acne>Insomnia>Mood swings>Anxiety>MDD/major depressive disorder>Irritabbility>Hostility>Crying spells>food cravings/sweet&salty>Clumsiness>fatigue
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| Tx for PMS(PreMenstrual Syndrome) includes | 1.Increase water intake 2.Regular exercise 3.Support groups 4.Stress management techniques 5.The avoidance of salt, sugar, caffeine, & alchohol 6.OTC(Over The Counter) analgesics(Pain relievers)
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| PMDD(PreMenstrual Dysphoric Disorder) is a severe form of | PMS (PreMenstrual Syndrome)
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| The signs & symptoms of PMDD(PreMentrual Dysphoric Disorder) are severe enough to | interfere with work, social activities, & relationships
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| Tx for PMDD (PreMentstrual Dysphoric Disorder) includes | sedatives & antidepressants
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| Endometriosis is a condition caused by | ectopic(out of place) endometrium(inner lining of uterus)
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| The ectompic endometrium responds to the cyclic hormonal stiumulation and can cause | 1.Pelvic Pain & bloating 2.Menorrhagia(excessive or prolonged menses) 3.Metrorrhaga(bleeding between periods) 4.Fatigue 5.Sterility(inability to reproduce)
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| Tx for endometriosis include | 1.Laparoscopic(visualization of the abdominal pelvic cavity) 2.OCPs(Oral Contraceptive Pills) causing amenorrhea(no menses)
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| An EP (Ectopic Pregnancy) occurs when a fertilized ovum implants in tissue other than the | uterus
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| The most common site for an EP(Ectopic Pregnancy) is a | fallopian tube(oviduct, uterine tube) AKA "Tubal Pregnancy"
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| Causes of EP(Ectopic Pregnancy) include | 1.Salpingitis(inflammation of a fallopine tube) associated with STDs(Sexually Transmitted Diseases) causing fallopian adhesions (tissue sticking together) 2.Endometriosis(ectopic/out of place endometrium)
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| Signs & symptoms of an EP(Ectopic Pregnancy) usually appear within 2 months and include | 1.Unilateral(one side) abdominal &/or pelvic pain 2.Vaginal bleeding 3.Vertigo(dizziness) 4.Weakness & syncope(fainting) 5.N & V(Nausea & vomiting)
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| Tx for an EP (Ectopic Pregnancy) includes | 1.Termination of pregnancy with methotrexate(drug to terminate pregnancy) or laparoscopic salpingostomy(incision of the fallopean tube to remove fetus)
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| A Spontaneous abortion is AKA | miscarriage
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| A spontaneous abortion during the first trimester is often caused by a | fetal genetic abnormality(anomaly)
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| A spontaneous abortion usually occurs between the | 7th & 12th weeks of gestation(pregnancy)
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| Causes of miscarriage include | 1. Infection 2. Drugs, ETOH(alcohol), smoking & caffeine 3. Poor nutrition 4. Toxins(Poisons) 5.Radiation
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| The surgical procedure performed to scrape the endometrium if placental tissue remains after a miscarriage is called a | D&C (Dilation & Curettage)
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| Toxemia is AKA | preeclampsia
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| Preeclampsia(toxemia) only occurs during | pregnancy/gestation (usually after 20 weeks)
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| The princicpal sign of preclampsia include | 1.PID (Pregnancy Induced Hypertension) 2.Albuminuria(blood protein in the urine) 3.Edema(swelling, face, arms & legs) 4.Unusualy WT/weight GAIN
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| If seizures develop with preclampsia, the condition is called | eclampsia
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| Prevention techniques include | 1. Prenatal Care 2. Proper nutrition
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| Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate commonly caused by | E.coli(Eschirechia coli) or GC (gonococci/gonorrhea)
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| Signs & symptoms of prostatitis include | 1.Urgency(sudden need to void) 2.Frequency(frequent urination/mictorate) 3.Dysuria(painful/burning urination) 4.Pyuria(pus in urine) 5.Hematuria(blood in urine) 6.Painful ejaculation
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| Prostatitis usually responds well to | antibiotic therapy
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| BPH (Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy) is a | non-malignant enlargement of the prostate
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| Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) is more common after the age of | 50
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| The enlarged prostate can frequently be palpated(felt) by | DRE (Digital Rectal Exam)
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| The enlarged prostate squeezes the urethra and the patient will complain of | dysuria(painfull/burning urination) and urinary retention(inability to start the flow of urine)
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| Untreated urinary retention(inability to start the flow of urine) can cause | hydronephrosis(excessive urine in the kidneys)
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| Tx for BPH (Benign prostatic hypertrophy-excessive development) includes | 1.Avodart or Flomax 2.Cystoscopy(viewing the urinary bladder) and TURP (TransUrethral Resection(scrapping the urethra) of the Prostate)
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| A prostatic carcinoma may be small and initially | asymptomatic(no symptoms)
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| Signs & symptoms of a prostatic carcinoma include | 1.Dysuria(painful urination) 2.Hematuria(blood in urine) 3.Anorexia(no appetite) & WT(weight) loss 4.Nocturia(chronic night urination) 5.Urinary incontinence(inability to control urination) AKA enuresis
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| The blood test to detect a predisposition(increased risk) for prostatic carcinoma is | PSA (Prostatic Specific Antigen)
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| A PSA(Prostatic Specific Antigen) should be performed annually for men over the age of | 50 (45 for African Americans)
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| Prostatic carcinoma can metastasize(spread) to the | rectum, lymph and bone
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| A good Px(prognosis) for prostatic carcinoma depends on | early detection
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| Tx for prostatic carcinoma includes | 1.Chemotherapy(estrogen) 2.Cilateral orchiectomy(surgical removal of the testes) 3.Radiation therapy 4.Prostatectomy(surgical removal of the prostate)
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| Cryptorchidism refers to an | undescended testicle(testis)
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| Cryptorchidism can eventually cause | sterility(infertility)
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| Tx for cryptorchidism includes | orchiopexy(surgical fixation of a testis) or orchiectomy(excision of a testicle)
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| Impotence is the inability to | achieve or maintain an erection AKA ED (Erectile Dysfunction)
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| Causes of ED (Erectile Dysfunction) include | Poorly controlled stress *Arteriosclerosis(harden of arteries) *DM(Diabetes Mellitus) *Complications of prostatectomy(excision the prostate) *Trauma *Side effects from meds(antihypertensives, sedative,antihistamines,etc) *drug &/or alcohol abuse
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| Tx for ED(Erectile Dysfunction) includes | 1.Viagra, Levitra & Cialis 2.Penile implants
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| STDs are also know as | STI(Sexually Transmitted Infection)
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| Methonds to reduce incidence of STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infection) include | 1.Abstinence(no sexual contact w/another) 2.Monogamy(mutally exclusive one sex partner) 3.Barriers(condoms)
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| Chlamydia is the MOST common STD(sexually transmitted disease) and the number one cause of | PID(Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
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| Untreated chlamydia can cause | sterility (Infertility) in women
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| Chlamydia infections are often | asymptomatic (no symptoms)
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| Signs & symptoms of chlamydia for women may include | Dysuria(painful urination) *Pungent(aromatic) vaginal discharge *Dyspareunia(painful coitus) *Dysmenorrhea(painful menses) *Abdominal Pain *Vaginal pruritus(itching)
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| Signs & Symptoms of chlamydia for men may include | 1.Dysuria(painful micturition) 2.Balanorrhea(penile discharge) 3.Testicular edema(swelling)
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| Chlamydia can be cured with | antibiotics
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| Gonorrhea is caused by | GC(Gonococci) and is the second most common STDs(sexually transmitted diseases)
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| Untreated gonorrhea can cause | sterility(infertility) in men and women
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| Gonorrhea transmitted to a fetus during delivery can cause | blindness & possible death
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| Signs & symptoms of gonorrhea usually appear | 2-10 days after exposure
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| Gonorrhea can be | asymptomatic(no symptoms)
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| Signs & symptoms of gonorrhea for women may include | 1.Greenish-yellow vaginal discharge 2.Lower abdominal and pelvic pain 3.Pharyngitis(inflammation of the pharynx/ throat) 4.Dysuria(painful urination)
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| Signs & symptoms of gonorrhea for men may include | 1.Greenish-yellow balanorrhea(penile discharge) 2.Dysuria(painful urination) 3.Pharyngitis(inflammation of the pharynx/throat) 4.Testicular edema(swelling) 4
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| Gonorrhea can be cured with | antibiotics
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| The primary state of syphilis is characterized by one or more painless ulcers that appear on the penis, labia, lips, tongue, or anus called | chancres (shankers)
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| A chancre will develop within a | 10 to 90 days after sexual contact(highly contagious)
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| A chancre will heal and disappear in | 3-6 weeks
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| This primary stage of syphilis is treatable with | PCN(PeniCilliN)
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| If primary syphilis is left untreated the secondary stage begins within | 6 weeks to 6 months after exposure & usually lasts 1 to 3 months
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| The secondary stage of syphilis is characterized by | a non-pruritic rash(highly contagious) typically on the palms & soles and is treatable with PCN (PeniCilliN)
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| The tertiary(third) stage of syphilis can occur | 1.Years after the primary infection 2. in approximately 30% of people infected with syphilis
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| Complications of the tertiary(third) stage of syphilis include | heart disease, blindness, mental illness, and death
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| Blood tests for syphilis include | 1. VDRL 2. RPR 3. EIA
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| Genital herpes is an extremely painful chronic viral disease caused by the | HSV II(Herpes Simplex Virus) and affects 1 in 4 women & 1 in 5 men
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|
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| Symptoms of HSV II(herpes simplex virus) generally occur within | 3 weeks of exposure
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|
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| Signs & symptoms of HSV II(Herpes Simplex Virus) include | 1.Multiple painful(burning) pruritic(itching) vesicles(blisters) that appear on the genitalia, buttocks, & thighs 2.Dysuria(painful urination) 3.Vaginal discharge
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| The active lesions appear when the | immune system is compromised
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| Genital Herpes HSV II(Herpes Simplex Virus), is MORE EASILY transmitted when the lesions are | active
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|
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| Outbreaks of genital herpes can be treated with | antiviral drugs(Valtrex) THERE IS NO CURE
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|
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| There are approximately 30 different types of the | HPV(Human Papilloma Virus)
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|
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| 75-80% of all males and females will be | infected with HPV(Human Papilloma Virus) during their lifetime
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|
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| For most, the immune system will | defeat HPV(Human Papilloma Virus)
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|
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| 90% of HPV(Human Papilloma Virus) lesions(WARTS) are caused by | 2 types of the HPV(Human Papilloma Virus)
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|
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| HPV(Human Papilloma Virus) lesions(warts) may appear within | weeks or several months of the sexual exposure
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|
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| HPV(Human Papilloma Virus) lesions(warts) commonly appear on the | penis and scrotum in men and on the perineum in women
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|
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| The primary symptoms of HPV(Human Papilloma Virus) are | pruritus(itching) and pain
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|
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| About 75% of all cervical malignancies are caused by | 2 other types of HPV(Human Papilloma Virus)
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|
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| Uncircumcised men are | three times more likely to be infected with the HPV(Human Papilloma Virus)
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|
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| A vaccine is available for 4 types (2-wart types and 2-cervical malignancies) of the HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) called | Gardasil (3 doses over 6 months)
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|
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| Gardasil is approved for males & females ages | 9-26 years of age
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|
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| Best results occur if vaccine(Gardasil) is administered before | exposure(sexually active)
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|
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| Tx for HPV(Human Papilloma Virus)includes | 1.antiviral medications(adlara) 2.Electrocautery(burning lesions) 3.Cryosurgery(freezing lesions)
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|
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