Lab Exam #2
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| Erlenmeyer flask | Funny shape-enclosed funnel
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| organic chemistry | study of carbon and carbon containing compounds
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| hydrocarbons | Organic molecules consisting of only two elements, hydrogen and carbon
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| Hydrocarbons are ____ polar - are they water soluble? | Nonpolar - NOT water soluble
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| hydrocarbons have relatively _____ melting and boiling points--they are volatile | LOW melting and boiling points
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| Alkanes | Single bonded carbons with hydrogens saturating any bond not used by carbon
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| Alkenes | alkenes-tweens-twins - have DOUBLE bonds (at least one pair)
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| Alkynes | hydrocarbons with at least 1 pair shring a triple bond
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| Aromatics | hydrocarbons that have a benzene ring - a 6 carbon ring structure with alternating double bonds
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| benzene ring | Aromatic structure
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| nucleotide | macromolecule containing a suger (deoxyribose) a phosphate & a nitrogen base
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| eukaryotic cells | You-care cells (plants and animals) have a nucleus
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| prokaryotic cells | Bacteria - do not have a nucleus
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| plasma membrane | Cells are composed of layers (remember blue sticks with white heads floating in oil)
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| Phopholipid bilayer = plasma membrane | the cell's plasma membrane is selectively permeable - restricts access--also surrounds cell, gives it shape
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| cytoplasm | the Matrix of the cell
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| robisomes - | nucleoproteins acattered throught the cytoplasm
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| ribosomes attach to | mRNA and provide a place for the joing of amino acids in translation
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| mitochondria | contain enzymes necessary for aerobic metabolism
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| DNA is found in __________ chromosomes in cells ______ | Circular chromosomes in the cells cytoplasm
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| lysate | When cell contents are released into solution--it contains all of the bacterial cell contents
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| Protease | Enzyme that will break down proteins in lysate & make it easier to extract DNA
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| carbohydrates | Polyhydric alcohols that have a carbonyl group
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| Carbonyl group | C==O - Carbon, double-bond Oxygen - in aldehydes & ketones
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| Carbonyl group | "bones" form the basis - C==Oxygen
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| Carboxyl group | C==O-OH (Carbon double-bond Oxygen with OH group)
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| Hydroxyl | -OH group - means that the molecule is an alcohol
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| Monosaccharides | Single sugars - glucose is the most common
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| Glucose | Glucose is a six cabronpolyhydric compound with an aldehyde group (aldohexose)
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| Two other monosaccharides | Fructose & galactose
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| Disaccharides | Are carbohydrates that have two sugars-formed from 2 monosaccharides
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| How are disaccharides formed? | Fromed from 2 monosaccharides in a CONDENSATION REACTION
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| Glycosidic linkage | Bond formed between two sugars
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| What two sugars bond, what is lost? | A molecule of water is lost
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| What is the most abundant polysaccharide on earth? | Cellulose
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| Why must disaccharides be broken down? | They are too large to be taken into the cell
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| How do you break the disaccharide | Water must be added to the bond
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| When you break the disaccaride bond with water, what is this process called? | Hydrolysis
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| Polysaccharides | Very long chains of glucose molecules
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| What is the purpose of polysaccharides? | To store energy-
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| Humans can store a limited amount of glucose as | the animal starch glycogen - in human liver and (limited extent) muscles
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| Glycogen (animal starch) is composed of | Glycogen is a polysaccharide with chains of glucose
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| Benedict's Test for Reducing sugards | A solution used to test for glucose and other reducing sugars
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| Why is it blue | because of the presence of cupric ion (Cu2+)
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| How does Benedict's reagent work? | The cupric ion with react with an aldehyde group to form cuprous oxide (Cu2O) a reddish colored
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| What will give a positive Benedict's test? | Those carbohydrates that contain a glucose or any other chemical with an UNATTACHED ALDEHYDE group
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| In a test with Benedict's reagent, the greate the color change.... | the more glucose is present
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| Benedict's reagent - glucose gives color... | Red-brown-burnt sienna
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| Benedict's reagent..lactose gives | red-brown layer
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| sucrose gives... | Blue - no change
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| starch give... | blue - no change
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| Why did starch and sucrose fail to react? | Because they do not have a free aldehyde group as glucose does
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| Aldehyde are defined as... | Contain a carbonyl group C==O
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| Testing urine for glucose-the test strip is coated with________ | enzymes that will react specifically with glucose to produce a color change
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| acid | a substance that dissolves in water and procudes hydrogen ions H+ - All acids are proton donors
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| Base | A substance that dissolve in water and produces hydroxide ions (OH-) accoring to the arrhenioius theory-a proton acceptor
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| Anions and cations in the body | In clinical setting, ions are referred to as electrolytes (also called minerals)
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| Na+ - electrolyte | Maintain water balance (in fluid surrounding cells)
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| K+ | water balance, conduct nerve impulses, contract muscles
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| Mg2+ | bone mineral, transmit nerve impulses
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| Ca2+ | bone formation, nerve impulse, muscle contraction, blood coagulation
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| Cl- | maintain fluid balance, make HCl in stomach
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| HCO3 | part of blood buffer system
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| HPO42- | Part of buffer system, minimizes changes in pH
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| Equivalents (Eq) | An "equivalent" of an electrolyte is an amount that produces 1 mole of charge.
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| Acid | Turn a strip of blue litmus _______
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| Base | Turn a strip of red litmus ______
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| pH measures the power of the ______ | measures the power of the H+ ion (in order to balance electrolytes in the body)
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| pH units are like earthquakes because | each change in concentration represents a large change in ion concentration
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| Neutralization | When equal strengths of acid and base react they form water and a salt
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| Buffer | a system designed to minimize changes in pH
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| Buffers are made up of | a weak acid or a weak base, and the salt of the week acid or base
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| Our body uses buffers to... | minimize pH changes in the blood
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| Example of a buffer | H2CO3 (carbonic acid) and NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate
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| Neutral pH | 7
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| Neutral pH (measured by conduction apparatus) | 0
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| 0.9% NaCL measures ___ in the conduction test, meaning that it is | a strong electrolyte
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| sugar measured zero on conductivity test, meaning | it is a NON-CONDUCTOR
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| vinegar measter 7 on the conductivity test, meaning | it is a strong electrolyte
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| Buffers experiment | (blank)
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| How does an anion differ from a cation? | a NEGATIVELY charged ion
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| What charge does a cation have | A POSITIVE charge - jumps like a cat!
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| What is the pH of human blood | 7.35 to 7.45
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| Lipids are famous for... | NONpolar nature and Lack of water solubility
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| Wax & steroids are | Lipids
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| triglycerides are | lipids
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| fatty acids are.. | carboxylic acids found in lipids
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| Carboxylic acids are | organic compounds with the carbonoxyl functional group
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| ester linkage | (blank)
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| Potato (and most cells) have ________ to protect them from hydrogen peroxide | Cells have the enzyme CATALASE
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| How does catalase protect the cells | Catalase breaks the hydrogen peroxide (2H2O2) into water & oxygen
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| How did the catalase in the potato react when exposed to the hydrogen peroxide? | The catalase produced oxygen bubbles
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| When did catalase perform the best? | At room temperature - potatoes grow in the ground
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid | double helix - a polymer of nucleotides
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| Nucleotide | A Macromolecule containing a sugar, a phosphat and a nitrogen base
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| What are the four types of nitrogen base found in DNA? | Adenine (A) - Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)
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| In DNA, when Thymine is on the steps of the ladder, then | Adenine is with it
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| In DNA, when Guanine is on the step | Cytosine is always with it
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| Prokatyotic cells are | bacteria - no NUCLEUS
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| Plasma membrane | A phospholipid bilayer which protects the cell by restricting access - but is SELECTIVELY permeable
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| In addition to its barrier function , the plasma membrane | gives cell its shape
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| Cytoplasm | Matrix of the cell - aqueous mixture - that is a solution, a suspension and a colloid
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| nucleus is in a | Eukaryotic cell
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| Nuclear envelope | maintains integrity of the nucleus-keepsp genetic material separate
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| Nucleolus | Dark staining spots where ribosomes are made
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| Ribosomes | produced in nucleolus
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| ribosomes work by | attaching to mRNA and provide a place for joining amino acids in translation
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| mitochondria | Kidney-shaped - "Mighty" work of making energy for cell
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| Golgi body | folded-up
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| Blue thing in membrane model (box with blue plastic straws & blue thing floating in it) | MEMBRANE channel - protein channel
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| Which nitrogen base complements Adenine? | Thymine (T)
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| What are three components of a nucleotide? | DNA - a polymer of nucleotides - three components are sugar (deoxyribose) a phosphate and a nitrogen base
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| NUCLEOTIDE means | DNA
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| DNA nucleotides contain (3) | Deoxyribose (the sugar), a phosphate (P) and nitrogen base
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| alkane | (Cane) single-bonded chains with hydrogens on each carbon (saturating)
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| alkenes | Teens-tweens - at least one double bond
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| alkynes | triple bond -
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| Aromatics - | Benzene ring
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| glycosidic bond | bond that forms when the hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide reacts with the hydroxly group of another monosaccharide
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| hydroxyl group | (blank)
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| NuCLEo TIDE | Nitrogen, Sugar-cleo & Tide with Phosphate
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