Body Functions-Chapter 13 Page 295

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Arteries carry

oxygenated blood

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Oxygen is abbreviated

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Arterioles refer to

small arteries

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Veins carry

deoxygenated blood

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Deoxygenated blood contains

carbon dioxide

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Carbon dioxide is abbreviated

CO2

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Venules refer to

small veins

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Capillaries refer to

the smallest of the arteries and veins

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The average person has

tens of thousands of miles of blood vessels.

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Vasodilation refers to

increased diameter of arteries

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Vasoconstriction refers to

decreased diameter of arteries.

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Vasodilation will cause

hypotension

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Vasoconstriction will cause

hypertension

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The body cavity where the heart is housed is called the

thoracic cavity

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The region directly between the sternum and vertebrae is called the

mediastinum

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The pericardium refers to the

membranous sac around the heart

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The epicardium refers to the

outer layer of the heart

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The myocardium refers to the

muscle layer of the heart

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The endocardium refers to the

inner layer of the heart

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The chambers of the heart are separated by walls called

septa.

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Deoxygenated blood (CO2) is returned to the heart via the

venae cavae (superior and inferior).

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The superior and inferior venae cavae are the

largest veins in the body.

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The venae cavae deliver the deoxygenated blood (CO2) to the

right atrium.

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The right atrium is the

superior right chamber of the heart

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The deoxygenated blood (CO2) moves through the

tricuspid valve.

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The tricuspid valve allows the deoxygenated blood (CO2) to enter the

right ventricle.

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The right ventricle is the

inferior right chamber of the heart.

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The purpose of the tricuspid valve is to prevent the blood from

regurgitating.

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The sound caused by valvular regurgitation is called a

murmur (bruit).

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The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood (CO2) through the

pulmonary trunk.

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The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood (CO2) through the

pulmonary trunk.

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The valve at the entrance of the pulmonary trunk is the

pulmonary semilunar valve.

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The deoxygenated blood (CO2) then enters the

right and left pulmonary arteries.

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The pulmonary arteries carry the deoxygenated blood (CO2) to the

lungs.

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The lungs are where

respiration takes place.

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Respiration is the

exchange of gases.

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The gases that are exchanged are

O2 and CO2.

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The oxygenated blood (O2) returns from the lungs through the

pulmonary veins.

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The pulmonary veins deliver the oxygenated blood (O2) to the

left atrium.

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The left atrium is the

superior left chamber of the heart.

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The oxygenated blood (O2) then moves through the

bicuspid valve.

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The bicuspid valve is AKA

mitral valve.

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The bicuspid (mitral) valve allows the oxygenated blood (O2) to enter the

left ventricle.

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The left ventricle is the

inferior left chamber of the heart.

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The purpose of the bicuspid (mitral) valve is to prevent the blood from

regurgitating.

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The sound caused by valve regurgitation is called a

murmur (bruit).

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The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood (O2) through the

aortic semilunar valve.

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The aortic semilunar valve allows the oxygenated blood (O2) to enter the:

1. Ascending aorta. 2. Aortic arch. 3. Descending thoracic aorta. 4. Abdominal aorta.

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The aorta branches off into arteries, arterioles, and capillaries, that will

distribute the oxygen (O2) to the tissues of the body.

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Strands of tendon that anchor the cusps of the bicuspid (Mitral) and tricuspid valves preventing prolapse are called

chordae tendineae.

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The carotid arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the

brain.

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The coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the

myocardium.

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The subclavian arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the

arms and superior thorax.

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The mesenteric arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the

intestines.

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The phrenic arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the

diaphragm.

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The diaphragm is the

main muscle of ventilation.

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The abdominal aorta bifurcates into the

iliac arteries.

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The iliac arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the

pelvis and thighs.

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The femoral arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the

legs.

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Other capillaries, venules, and veins will return the deoxygenated blood (CO2) to the

venae cavae and the circuit is complete

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The jugulars drain deoxygenated blood from the

head.

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The saphenous veins drain deoxygenated blood from the

legs.

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The saphenous veins are commonly used for

coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG).

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Another vessel used for CABG is the

mammary artery.

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heart-lung machine

a machine that respirates the blood when the heart is stopped for surgical procedures

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C-reactive protein (CRP)

inflammatory indicator and powerful risk factor for heart disease

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CPK (CK) +LDH (LD)

enzymes (chemicals) in the blood that indicate muscle damage.

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CPK-MB (“isoenzymes” or “isos”)

very specific enzymes in the blood that indicate cardiac damage.

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The azygos vein drains deoxygenated blood from the

thorax.

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The median cubital (antecubital) veins are commonly used to perform

phlebotomy (venipuncture).

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Blood is necessary to: 1 - 2

1.Transport nutrients and water from the digestive tract to all cells of the body. 2.Transport waste products from the body’s cells to the lungs,sweat glands,and kidneys for excretion.

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Blood is necessary to: 3-4

3.Transport hormones from endocrine glands to target cells and organs in the body. 4. Transport enzymes to body cells in order to regulate chemical processes and reactions.

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Blood is necessary to: 5, 6 7

5. Dissipates excess body heat through dilated blood vessels in the skin. 6. Transports leukocytes and antibodies to defend the body against pathogens. 7. Helps regulate body pH by transporting buffers and amino acids

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Transport nutrients and water from the digestive tract to all cells of the body, These nutrients include:

a. Vitamins and minerals which are used for chemical processes and reactions. b. Carbohydrates which are used for energy. c. Proteins which are used for growth and repair. d. Fats are used for vitamin absorption and cellular wall creation.

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Normal blood pH is

7.35 - 7.45.

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Blood pH below 7.35 is considered

acidotic (acidosis).

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Blood pH above 7.45 is considered

alkalitic (alkaline, alkalosis, or basic).

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An average woman has approximately ____ liters of blood.

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An average man has approximately ____ liters of blood.

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Whole blood (WB) is made up of:

1. Erythrocytes AKA red blood cells (RBCs). 2. Leukocytes AKA white blood cells (WBCs). 3. Thrombocytes AKA clot cells or platelets.

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Erythrocytes are responsible for

respiration

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Respiration is the

exchange of gases.

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The gases that are exchanged are

oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

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Erythrocytes appear as biconcave disks with edges that are

thicker than the center of the cell (Cream Savers).

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Erythrocytes do not have nuclei so they do not have the ability to

divide (replicate).

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Erythropoiesis means

the formation of erythrocytes.

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Erythropoiesis occurs in the

red bone marrow AKA myeloid tissue.

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A normal erythrocyte count is

4 - 6 million/mm3.

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Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the

kidneys

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Erythropoietin is necessary for

erythrocyte development.

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Erythrocytes live for approximately

120 days.

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Erythrocytes die at a rate of

2,000,000/second.

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Hemolysis means

the break up or destruction of blood (RBCs).

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Bilirubin is

dead, broken up erythrocytes.

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Hyperbilirubinemia means

a blood condition of excessive bilirubin

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Hyperbilirubinemia causes

jaundice or icterus.

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Jaundice (icterus) is a

yellowish, orange discoloration to the skin or sclerae.

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Hyperbilirubinemia can be caused by

liver, gall bladder, or pancreatic dysfunction.

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The blood protein found inside RBCs that is necessary for RBCs to carry O2 and CO2 is called

hemoglobin.

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A normal hemoglobin range is

12 -17 g/dL.

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The element necessary for healthy hemoglobin is called

iron (Fe).

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Foods rich in iron (Fe) include

red meat and dark green leafy vegetables.

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Hematocrit (“crit”) is the measure of the

packed cell volume (PCV).

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PCV is the percentage of blood attributed to

erythrocytes (RBCs).

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H+H stands for

hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct or “crit”).

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MCH stands for

mean cell hemoglobin.

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MCHC stands for

mean cell hemoglobin concentration.

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Anemia refers to

erythrocytopenia and/or a deficiency of hemoglobin.

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Erythrocytopenia is a

deficiency of erythrocytes (RBCs).

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Leukocytes are part of your

immune response against foreign proteins

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Foreign proteins are called

antigens.

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A normal leukocyte count is

5000 – 11,000 mm3.

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Leukocytosis is an

elevated leukocyte count (WBC).

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Infection can cause a leukocytosis of

20,000 mm3.

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Leukopoiesis means

the formation of leukocytes (WBCs).

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Leukopoiesis occurs in the

red bone marrow.

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Monocytes are

phagocytes.

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Phagocytes are

eating cells (PAC-MEN).

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Phagocytes consume

antigens.

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Neutrophils are

phagocytes.

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Basophils release

histamine and heparin

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Histamine triggers the

inflammatory response.

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Heparin prevents

clotting and promotes blood flow.

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Eosinophils lessen allergic reactions and increase in number in the event of a

parasitical worm infestation (helminths).

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Lymphocytes help produce

antibodies.

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Antibodies are necessary to defeat

viral infections.

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Leukocytopenia means

a deficiency of white cells.

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Leukemia refers to a

blood condition of extreme leukocytosis of immature leukocytes (WBCs).

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Thrombocytes (platelets) are needed for proper

coagulation.

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A normal thrombocyte count is

150,000 - 300,000 mm3.

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Thrombocytes (platelets) are produced at a rate of

200,000,000,000/day.

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Thrombopoiesis occurs in the

red bone marrow.

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Hemophilia is a genetic coagulopathy caused by a deficiency of a

clotting factor.

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Thrombus - thrombi are

clot(s).

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Embolus - emboli are

a floating clot(s).

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Thrombolysis or thrombolytic means

the break up or destruction of clots.

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Anticoagulant means

against coagulation (clotting).

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Thrombocytopenia means

a deficiency of platelets (clot cells).

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Thrombocytosis means

an abnormal condition of excessive platelets.

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A bleeding time is a

test to determine a person’s ability to coagulate.

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INR (international normalization ratio) is a

test to determine a person’s ability to coagulate.

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Coagulation panel (profile) consists of

INR, prothrombin (PT), platelet count, and bleeding time.

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DIC stands for

disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.

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DIC causes the coagulation process to

collapse, followed by hypovolemic shock (exsanguination) and death.

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Plasma is the

liquid portion of the blood.

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Plasma is made up of

water, plasma proteins, salts, gases, nutrients, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, vitamins, and minerals.

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Plasma makes up approximately

55% of the blood volume.

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The cells and other elements make up

45% of the blood volume.

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A plasma protein necessary for proper fluid balance is

albumin.

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Two plasma proteins that play a vital role in coagulation are

fibrinogen and prothrombin (PT).

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Proper prothrombin production requires adequate amounts of

vitamin K.

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Foods rich in vitamin K include

green leafy vegetables.

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Serum is

plasma without fibrinogen and prothrombin (PT).

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Plasmapheresis refers to the

separation of the plasma from the blood cells.

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FFP stands for

fresh frozen plasma.

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Cryoprecipitates refers to

FFP with clotting factors.

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FFP can be stored

indefinitely.

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A bone marrow biopsy (Bx) is a

test commonly used to determine cancers of the blood.

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Myelogenic means

pertaining to created by the bone marrow.

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Hematocytopenia means

a deficiency of blood cells.

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Hematoma refers to a

mass of blood.

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Dyscrasia refers to

any blood abnormality.

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Morphology means

the study of shapes.

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Hypercholesterolemia is a

blood condition of excessive cholesterol

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Hematologist is a

specialist in the study of blood.

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Hemostasis (hemostatic) means

the stoppage or controlling of bleeding.

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A complete blood count (CBC) is a count of the numbers of

1. Erythrocytes (RBCs). 2. Leukocytes (WBCs). 3. Thrombocytes (platelets). 4. Hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct). 5. ESR or “sed rate” (erythrocyte sedimentation rate).

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An elevated ESR indicates

inflammation.

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A differential (“diff”) is an

individual count of the five different types of leukocytes.

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The four blood types are

A, B, AB, and O.

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Each blood type has a + or - called an

Rh factor.

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The universal donor is type

O -

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The universal recipient is type

AB +

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A negative Rh blood type can be given to a

positive Rh blood type.

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A positive Rh cannot be given to a

negative Rh blood type.

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Blood is transfused in

units (U).

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Donated blood has a refrigerated shelf life of

42 days.

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Type and crossmatch (screen) (T+CM) means

determining blood type and compatibility with other blood types.

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PRBCs stands for

packed red blood cells.

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A lipid profile (panel) includes: 1-2

1. Total cholesterol should be < 200 mg/dL. 2. HDL (high density lipoproteins) (“good cholesterol”) should be > 40 mg/dL.

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A lipid profile (panel) includes: 3-4

3. Triglycerides should be < 150mg/dL. 4. LDL (low density lipoproteins) should be < 130 mg/dL.

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